Intense long-term training impairs brain health compared with moderate exercise: experimental evidence and mechanisms
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- dc.contributor.author Sangüesa, Gemma
- dc.contributor.author Batlle, Montserrat
- dc.contributor.author Muñoz-Moreno, Emma
- dc.contributor.author Soria Rodríguez, Guadalupe
- dc.contributor.author Alcarraz, Anna
- dc.contributor.author Rubies, Cira
- dc.contributor.author Sitjà-Roqueta, Laia
- dc.contributor.author Solana, Elisabeth
- dc.contributor.author Martínez-Heras, Eloy
- dc.contributor.author Meza-Ramos, Aline
- dc.contributor.author Amaro, Sergio
- dc.contributor.author Llufriu, Sara
- dc.contributor.author Mont, Lluís
- dc.contributor.author Guasch, Eduard
- dc.date.accessioned 2025-11-24T07:05:48Z
- dc.date.available 2025-11-24T07:05:48Z
- dc.date.issued 2022
- dc.description.abstract The consequences of extremely intense long-term exercise for brain health remain unknown. We studied the effects of strenuous exercise on brain structure and function, its dose‒response relationship, and mechanisms in a rat model of endurance training. Five-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to moderate (MOD) or intense (INT) exercise or a sedentary (SED) group for 16 weeks. MOD rats showed the highest motivation and learning capacity in operant conditioning experiments; SED and INT presented similar results. In vivo MRI demonstrated enhanced global and regional connectivity efficiency and clustering as well as a higher cerebral blood flow (CBF) in MOD but not INT rats compared with SED. In the cortex, downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation complex IV and AMPK activation denoted mitochondrial dysfunction in INT rats. An imbalance in cortical antioxidant capacity was found between MOD and INT rats. The MOD group showed the lowest hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory markers were similar in all groups. In conclusion, strenuous long-term exercise yields a lesser improvement in learning ability than moderate exercise. Blunting of MOD-induced improvements in CBF and connectivity efficiency, accompanied by impaired mitochondrial energetics and, possibly, transient local oxidative stress, may underlie the findings in intensively trained rats.en
- dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
- dc.identifier.citation Sangüesa G, Batlle M, Muñoz-Moreno E, Soria G, Alcarraz A, Rubies C, et al. Intense long-term training impairs brain health compared with moderate exercise: experimental evidence and mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2022;1518(1):282–98. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14912
- dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14912
- dc.identifier.issn 0077-8923
- dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/71975
- dc.language.iso eng
- dc.publisher Wiley
- dc.relation.ispartof Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2022;1518(1):282–98
- dc.rights © 2022 The Authors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of New York Academy of Sciences. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
- dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
- dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
- dc.subject.keyword Brain connectomicsen
- dc.subject.keyword Cognitionen
- dc.subject.keyword Endurance exerciseen
- dc.subject.keyword Mitochondriaen
- dc.subject.keyword Physical activity loaden
- dc.title Intense long-term training impairs brain health compared with moderate exercise: experimental evidence and mechanismsen
- dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
- dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion