The association of social support and loneliness with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis

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  • dc.contributor.author Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina
  • dc.contributor.author García-Mieres, Helena
  • dc.contributor.author Giné-Vázquez, Iago
  • dc.contributor.author Moneta, Victoria
  • dc.contributor.author Koyanagi, Aj
  • dc.contributor.author Haro Abad, Josep Maria
  • dc.contributor.author Domènech-Abella, Joan
  • dc.date.accessioned 2024-05-08T06:56:16Z
  • dc.date.available 2024-05-08T06:56:16Z
  • dc.date.issued 2023
  • dc.description.abstract Background: Research suggests that changes in social support and loneliness have affected mental disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are a lack of studies comparing the robustness of these associations. Aims: The aims were to estimate the strength of the associations of loneliness and social support with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022) in the general population. Method: The method entailed a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of quantitative studies. Results: Seventy-three studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled correlations of the effect size of the association of loneliness with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress were 0.49, 0.40, and 0.38, respectively. The corresponding figures for social support were 0.29, 0.19, and 0.18, respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that the strength of some associations could be influenced by the sociodemographic characteristics of the study samples, such as age, gender, region, and COVID-19 stringency index, and by methodological moderators, such as sample size, collection date, methodological quality, and the measurement scales. Conclusions: Social support had a weak association with mental disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic while the association with loneliness was moderate. Strategies to address loneliness could be highly effective in reducing the impact of the pandemic on social relationships and mental health.
  • dc.description.sponsorship Aina Gabarrell-Pascuet’s work is supported by the Secretariat of Universities and Research of the Generalitat de Catalunya and the European Social Fund (2021 FI_B 00839). Joan Domènech-Abella has a “Juan de la Cierva” research contract awarded by the ‘Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades’ (FJC2019-038955-I). Helena García-Mieres has a “Margarita Salas” research contract awarded by the University of Barcelona and financed by the Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia 2021-2023 of the Spanish government (NextGeneration EU funds).
  • dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
  • dc.identifier.citation Gabarrell-Pascuet A, García-Mieres H, Giné-Vázquez I, Moneta MV, Koyanagi A, Haro JM, et al. The association of social support and loneliness with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 4;20(4):2765. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042765
  • dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042765
  • dc.identifier.issn 1660-4601
  • dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/60067
  • dc.language.iso eng
  • dc.publisher MDPI
  • dc.relation.ispartof Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 4;20(4):2765
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/2PE/FJC2019-038955-I
  • dc.rights © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  • dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
  • dc.subject.keyword Depressive symptoms
  • dc.subject.keyword Anxiety symptoms
  • dc.subject.keyword Posttraumatic stress symptoms
  • dc.subject.keyword Loneliness
  • dc.subject.keyword Social support
  • dc.subject.keyword COVID-19
  • dc.title The association of social support and loneliness with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis
  • dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
  • dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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