Red Bull® energy drink increases consumption of higher concentrations of alcohol
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- dc.contributor.author Roldán, Martaca
- dc.contributor.author Echeverry Alzate, Víctorca
- dc.contributor.author Bühler, Kora Mareenca
- dc.contributor.author Sánchez Diez, Israel J.ca
- dc.contributor.author Calleja Conde, Javierca
- dc.contributor.author Olmos, Pedroca
- dc.contributor.author Boehm, Stephen L.ca
- dc.contributor.author Maldonado, Rafael, 1961-ca
- dc.contributor.author Rodríguez de Fonseca, Fernandoca
- dc.contributor.author Santiago, Catalinaca
- dc.contributor.author Gómez Gallego, Felixca
- dc.contributor.author Giné, Elenaca
- dc.contributor.author López Moreno, José A.ca
- dc.date.accessioned 2018-06-04T07:45:19Z
- dc.date.issued 2018
- dc.description.abstract Mixing alcohol with caffeinated energy drinks is a common practice, especially among young people. In humans, the research on this issue has mainly focused on the use of the mass-marketed energy drinks themselves, whereas in animal models, it has focused on the individual effects of their active ingredients (i.e. caffeine). Here, we have characterized how Red Bull®, one of the most consumed caffeinated energy drink worldwide, modulates operant alcohol self-administration in Wistar rats. We found that animals readily and steadily responded for Red Bull (mean: 90 responses, 30 minutes and fixed-ratio 1), which was accompanied by locomotor stimulating effects (26 percent increase). The higher the concentration of alcohol (3-20 percent), the higher the consumption of alcohol (g/kg) and associated blood alcohol levels (91.76 percent) in the mixed Red Bull-alcohol group (60 percent increase). Blood caffeine levels in the Red Bull group were 4.69 μg/ml and 1.31 μg/ml in the Red Bull-alcohol group after the 30-minute session. Because Red Bull also contains 11 percent sucrose, we examined the time course of blood glucose as well as insulin and corticosterone. The correlation between intake of Red Bull and blood glucose levels was higher at 90 minutes than 5 minutes after its consumption, and there was no relationship with blood insulin or blood corticosterone levels. Red Bull did not alter extinction and reacquisition of responding for alcohol nor did it affect relapse-like drinking. Overall, our results suggest that Red Bull might be a vulnerability factor to develop alcoholism given that it intensifies the consumption of higher concentrations of alcohol.
- dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
- dc.identifier.citation Roldán M, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler KM, Sánchez-Diez IJ, Calleja-Conde J, Olmos P et al. Red Bull® energy drink increases consumption of higher concentrations of alcohol. Addict Biol. 2018;23(5):1094-105. DOI: 10.1111/adb.12560
- dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adb.12560
- dc.identifier.issn 1355-6215
- dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/34795
- dc.language.iso eng
- dc.publisher Wiley-Blackwellca
- dc.relation.ispartof Addiction Biology. 2018;23(5):1094-105
- dc.rights This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Roldán M, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler KM, Sánchez-Diez IJ, Calleja-Conde J, Olmos P. Red Bull® energy drink increases consumption of higher concentrations of alcohol. Addict Biol. 2018; 23(5):1094-1105. DOI: 10.1111/adb.12560, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adb.12560. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
- dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
- dc.subject.keyword Alcohol
- dc.subject.keyword Energy drink
- dc.subject.keyword Operant self-administration
- dc.title Red Bull® energy drink increases consumption of higher concentrations of alcoholca
- dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
- dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion