Exposure to disinfection by-products in swimming pools and biomarkers of genotoxicity and respiratory damage - The PISCINA2 Study

Font-Ribera, Laia; Barreiro Portela, Esther; Gracia Lavedan, Esther; Arjona, Lourdes; De Bont, Jeroen, 1989-; Tarès, Lluïsa; Vineis, Paolo; Kogevinas, Manolis; Villanueva Belmonte, Cristina

Exposure to disinfection by-products in swimming pools and biomarkers of genotoxicity and respiratory damage - The PISCINA2 Study

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dc.contributor.author Font-Ribera, Laia
dc.contributor.author Barreiro Portela, Esther
dc.contributor.author Gracia Lavedan, Esther
dc.contributor.author Arjona, Lourdes
dc.contributor.author De Bont, Jeroen, 1989-
dc.contributor.author Tarès, Lluïsa
dc.contributor.author Vineis, Paolo
dc.contributor.author Kogevinas, Manolis
dc.contributor.author Villanueva Belmonte, Cristina
dc.date.accessioned 2019-12-12T09:27:53Z
dc.date.available 2019-12-12T09:27:53Z
dc.date.issued 2019
dc.description.abstract BACKGROUND: Swimming in pools is a healthy activity that entails exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are irritant and genotoxic. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated exposure to DBPs during swimming in a chlorinated pool and the association with short-term changes in genotoxicity and lung epithelium permeability biomarkers. METHODS: Non-smoker adults (N = 116) swimming 40 min in an indoor pool were included. We measured a range of biomarkers before and at different times after swimming: trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath (5 min), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine (30 min), micronuclei in lymphocytes (1 h), serum club cell protein (CC16) (1 h), urine mutagenicity (2 h) and micronuclei in reticulocytes (4 days in a subset, N = 19). Several DBPs in water and trichloramine in air were measured, and physical activity was extensively assessed. We estimated interactions with polymorphisms in genes related to DBP metabolism. RESULTS: Median level of chloroform, brominated and total THMs in water was 37.3, 9.5 and 48.5, μg/L, respectively, and trichloramine in air was 472.6 μg/m3. Median exhaled chloroform, brominated and total THMs increased after swimming by 10.9, 2.6 and 13.4, μg/m3, respectively. Creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA increased by 3.1 μmol/mol. Micronuclei in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, urine mutagenicity and serum CC16 levels remained unchanged after swimming. Spearman correlation coefficients showed no association between DBP exposure and micronuclei in lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and CC16. Moderate associations were observed for micronuclei in reticulocytes and DBP exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The unchanged levels of the short-term effect biomarkers after swimming and null associations with personal estimates of exposure to DBPs suggest no measurable effect on genotoxicity in lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and lung epithelium permeability at the observed exposure levels. The moderate associations with micronuclei in reticulocytes require cautious interpretation given the reduced sample size.
dc.description.sponsorship We are grateful to all volunteers and the swimming pool facility. This work was funded by the EU 7th Framework Programme EXPOSOMICS Project (grant agreement 308610). We thank the Parc de Salut Mar Biobank (MARBiobanc) for providing support to the project. MARBiobanc is supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III/FEDER (RD09/0076/00036 and PT13/0010/0005) and the “Xarxa de Bancs de tumors” sponsored by Pla Director d'Oncologia de Catalunya (XBTC). ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. We appreciate the work by Kate Jones (Health & Safety Laboratory, UK) for urinary TCAA analysis.
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
dc.identifier.citation Font-Ribera L, Marco E, Grimalt JO, Pastor S, Marcos R, Abramssom, L, et al. Exposure to disinfection by-products in swimming pools and biomarkers of genotoxicity and respiratory damage - The PISCINA2 Study. Environ Int. 2019;131:104988. DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104988
dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104988
dc.identifier.issn 0160-4120
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/43147
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher Elsevier
dc.relation.ispartof Environment International. 2019;131:104988
dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/308610
dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/
dc.subject.keyword Biomarkers
dc.subject.keyword CC16
dc.subject.keyword Disinfection by-products
dc.subject.keyword Exposure
dc.subject.keyword Genotoxicity
dc.subject.keyword Swimming pools
dc.subject.other Piscines -- Contaminació
dc.title Exposure to disinfection by-products in swimming pools and biomarkers of genotoxicity and respiratory damage - The PISCINA2 Study
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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