Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spain

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• dc.contributor.author Castaño Vinyals, Gemmaca
• dc.contributor.author Cantor, Kenneth Pca
• dc.contributor.author Villanueva Belmonte, Cristinaca
• dc.contributor.author Tardón, Adoninaca
• dc.contributor.author García Closas, Reinaca
• dc.contributor.author Serra, Consolca
• dc.contributor.author Carrato, Alfredoca
• dc.contributor.author Malats i Riera, Núriaca
• dc.contributor.author Rothman, Nathanielca
• dc.contributor.author Silverman, Debra T.ca
• dc.contributor.author Kogevinas, Manolisca
• dc.date.accessioned 2014-12-22T13:00:31Z
• dc.date.available 2014-12-22T13:00:31Z
• dc.date.issued 2011ca
• dc.description.abstract Background: Disinfection by-products in drinking water are chemical contaminants that have been associated with cancer and other adverse effects. Exposure occurs from consumption of tap water, inhalation and dermal absorption. Methods: We determined the relationship between socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in 1271 controls from a multicentric bladder cancer case-control study in Spain. Information on lifetime drinking water sources, swimming pool attendance, showering-bathing practices, and socioeconomic status (education, income) was collected through personal interviews. Results: The most highly educated subjects consumed less tap water (57%) and more bottled water (33%) than illiterate subjects (69% and 17% respectively, p-value = 0.003). These differences became wider in recent time periods. The time spent bathing or showering was positively correlated with attained educational level (p < 0.001). Swimming pool attendance was more frequent among highly educated subjects compared to the illiterate (odds ratio = 3.4; 95% confidence interval 1.6-7.3)./n/nConclusions: The most highly educated subjects were less exposed to chlorination by-products through ingestion but more exposed through dermal contact and inhalation in pools and showers/baths. Health risk perceptions and economic capacity may affect patterns of water consumption that can result in differences in exposure to water contaminants.
• dc.description.sponsorship This work was supported by the Intramural Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI-Westat contract no. N02-CP-11015, FIS/Spain 00/0745, G03/174, PI061614, CA34627, and Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC). Cristina M Villanueva has a contract funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumption (CP06/00341).
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdfca
• dc.identifier.citation Castaño-Vinyals G, Cantor KP, Villanueva CM, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Serra C et al. Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spain. Environ Health. 2011 Mar;10:18. DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-10-18ca
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-18
• dc.identifier.issn 1476-069Xca
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/23031
• dc.language.iso engca
• dc.publisher BioMed Centralca
• dc.relation.ispartof Environmental Health. 2011 Mar;10:18
• dc.rights © 2011 Castaño-Vinyals et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. /nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.ca
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessca
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
• dc.subject.other Aigua
• dc.subject.other Càncer
• dc.subject.other Contaminació
• dc.subject.other Consum
• dc.title Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spainca
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/articleca
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionca