Menstruation and social inequities in Spain: a cross-sectional online survey-based study

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• dc.contributor.author Medina Perucha, Laura
• dc.contributor.author López-Jiménez, Tomàs
• dc.contributor.author Jacques-Aviñó, Constanza
• dc.contributor.author Holst, Anna Sofie
• dc.contributor.author Valls Llobet, Carme
• dc.contributor.author Munrós-Feliu, Jordina
• dc.contributor.author Martínez-Bueno, Cristina
• dc.contributor.author Pinzón-Sanabria, Diana
• dc.contributor.author Vicente-Hernández, Mª Mercedes
• dc.contributor.author Berenguera, Anna
• dc.date.accessioned 2023-09-19T06:08:44Z
• dc.date.available 2023-09-19T06:08:44Z
• dc.date.issued 2023
• dc.description.abstract Background: Available research suggests that menstrual inequity has an impact on (menstrual) health outcomes and emotional wellbeing. It is also a significant barrier to achieve social and gender equity and compromises human rights and social justice. The aim of this study was to describe menstrual inequities and their associations with sociodemographic factors, among women and people who menstruate (PWM) aged 18-55 in Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted in Spain between March and July 2021. Descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate logistic regression models were performed. Results: A total of 22,823 women and PWM were included in the analyses (Mean age = 33.2, SD = 8.7). Over half of the participants had accessed healthcare services for menstruation (61.9%). The odds for accessing menstrual-related services were significantly higher among participants with university education (aOR: 1.48, 95% CI, 1.13-1.95). Also, 57.8% reported having had partial or no menstrual education pre-menarche, with odds being higher among participants born in non-European or Latin American countries (aOR: 0.58, 95% CI, 0.36-0.93). Lifetime self-reported menstrual poverty was between 22.2-39.9%. Main risk factors for menstrual poverty were identifying as non-binary (aOR: 1.67, 95% CI, 1.32-2.11), being born in non-European or Latin American countries (aOR: 2.74, 95% CI, 1.77-4.24), and not having a permit to reside in Spain (aOR: 4.27, 95% CI, 1.94-9.38). Completed university education (aOR: 0.61, 95% CI, 0.44-0.84) and no financial hardship < 12 months (aOR: 0.06, 95% CI, 0.06-0.07) were protective factors for menstrual poverty. Besides, 75.2% reported having overused menstrual products due to lack of access to adequate menstrual management facilities. Menstrual-related discrimination was reported by 44.5% of the participants. Non-binary participants (aOR: 1.88, 95% CI, 1.52-2.33) and those who did not have a permit to reside in Spain (aOR: 2.11, 95% CI, 1.10-4.03) had higher odds of reporting menstrual-related discrimination. Work and education absenteeism were reported by 20.3% and 62.7% of the participants, respectively. Conclusions: Our study suggests that menstrual inequities affect a high number of women and PWM in Spain, especially those more socioeconomically deprived, vulnerabilised migrant populations and non-binary and trans menstruators. Findings from this study can be valuable to inform future research and menstrual inequity policies.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Medina‑Perucha L, López‑Jiménez T, Jacques‑Aviñó C, Holst AS, Valls‑Llobet C, Munrós‑Feliu J, Martínez‑Bueno C, Pinzón‑Sanabria D, Vicente‑Hernández MM, Berenguera A. Menstruation and social inequities in Spain: a cross-sectional online survey-based study. Int J Equity Health. 2023;22:92. DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01904-8
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-01904-8
• dc.identifier.issn 1475-9276
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/57904
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher BioMed Central
• dc.relation.ispartof Int J Equity Health. 2023;22:92
• dc.rights © The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Androcentrism
• dc.subject.keyword Menstrual health
• dc.subject.keyword Menstrual hygiene management
• dc.subject.keyword Menstrual inequity
• dc.subject.keyword Menstruation
• dc.subject.keyword Period poverty
• dc.subject.keyword Social inequities
• dc.subject.keyword Women’s health
• dc.title Menstruation and social inequities in Spain: a cross-sectional online survey-based study
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion