Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review

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• dc.contributor.author Ward, Mary H.
• dc.contributor.author Jones, Rena R.
• dc.contributor.author Brender, Jean D.
• dc.contributor.author Kok, Theo M. de
• dc.contributor.author Weyer, Peter J.
• dc.contributor.author Nolan, Bernard T.
• dc.contributor.author Villanueva, Cristina M.
• dc.contributor.author van Breda, Simone G.
• dc.date.accessioned 2019-05-24T07:42:05Z
• dc.date.available 2019-05-24T07:42:05Z
• dc.date.issued 2018
• dc.description.abstract Nitrate levels in our water resources have increased in many areas of the world largely due to applications of inorganic fertilizer and animal manure in agricultural areas. The regulatory limit for nitrate in public drinking water supplies was set to protect against infant methemoglobinemia, but other health effects were not considered. Risk of specific cancers and birth defects may be increased when nitrate is ingested under conditions that increase formation of N-nitroso compounds. We previously reviewed epidemiologic studies before 2005 of nitrate intake from drinking water and cancer, adverse reproductive outcomes and other health effects. Since that review, more than 30 epidemiologic studies have evaluated drinking water nitrate and these outcomes. The most common endpoints studied were colorectal cancer, bladder, and breast cancer (three studies each), and thyroid disease (four studies). Considering all studies, the strongest evidence for a relationship between drinking water nitrate ingestion and adverse health outcomes (besides methemoglobinemia) is for colorectal cancer, thyroid disease, and neural tube defects. Many studies observed increased risk with ingestion of water nitrate levels that were below regulatory limits. Future studies of these and other health outcomes should include improved exposure assessment and accurate characterization of individual factors that affect endogenous nitrosation.
• dc.description.sponsorship This work was partly supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch. Two authors (TMdK, SvB) acknowledge financial support from the European Commission in the context of the integrated project PHYTOME financed under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission (EU-FP7 grant agreement no. 315683), investigating the possible replacement of nitrite in meat products by natural compounds. CMV notes that ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Ward MH, Jones RR, Brender JD, de Kok TM, Weyer PJ, Nolan BT et al. Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jul 23;15(7):1557. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071557
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071557
• dc.identifier.issn 1660-4601
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/37288
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher MDPI
• dc.relation.ispartof International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018 Jul 23;15(7):1557
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/315683
• dc.rights Copyright © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword N-nitroso compounds
• dc.subject.keyword Adverse reproductive outcomes
• dc.subject.keyword Cancer
• dc.subject.keyword Drinking water
• dc.subject.keyword Endogenous nitrosation
• dc.subject.keyword Methemoglobinemia
• dc.subject.keyword Nitrate
• dc.subject.keyword Thyroid disease
• dc.subject.other Aigua potable -- Abastament -- Aspectes sanitaris
• dc.title Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion