Gender inequalities in health: exploring the contribution of living conditions in the intersection of social class

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• dc.contributor.author Malmusi, Davide, 1980-
• dc.contributor.author Vives Vergara, Alejandra, 1971-
• dc.contributor.author Benach, Joan
• dc.contributor.author Borrell i Thió, Carme
• dc.date.accessioned 2024-01-16T06:55:06Z
• dc.date.available 2024-01-16T06:55:06Z
• dc.date.issued 2014
• dc.description.abstract Background : Women experience poorer health than men despite their longer life expectancy, due to a higher prevalence of non-fatal chronic illnesses. This paper aims to explore whether the unequal gender distribution of roles and resources can account for inequalities in general self-rated health (SRH) by gender, across social classes, in a Southern European population. Methods : Cross-sectional study of residents in Catalonia aged 25–64, using data from the 2006 population living conditions survey (n=5,817). Poisson regression models were used to calculate the fair/poor SRH prevalence ratio (PR) by gender and to estimate the contribution of variables assessing several dimensions of living conditions as the reduction in the PR after their inclusion in the model. Analyses were stratified by social class (non-manual and manual). Results : SRH was poorer for women among both non-manual (PR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09–1.76) and manual social classes (PR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20–1.56). Adjustment for individual income alone eliminated the association between sex and SRH, especially among manual classes (PR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85–1.19; among non-manual 1.19, 0.92–1.54). The association was also reduced when adjusting by employment conditions among manual classes, and household material and economic situation, time in household chores and residential environment among non-manual classes. Discussion : Gender inequalities in individual income appear to contribute largely to women's poorer health. Individual income may indicate the availability of economic resources, but also the history of access to the labour market and potentially the degree of independence and power within the household. Policies to facilitate women's labour market participation, to close the gender pay gap, or to raise non-contributory pensions may be helpful to improve women's health.
• dc.description.sponsorship The authors declare no conflicts of interest that might bias the interpretation of results. Davide Malmusi was partially supported by the European Community Seventh Framework Programme (FP7 2007–2013, grant agreement number 278173 – SOPHIE project) and the IV grant for young epidemiologists ‘Enrique Nájera’ awarded by the Sociedad Española de Epidemiología and sponsored by the Escuela Nacional de Sanidad.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Malmusi D, Vives A, Benach J, Borrell C. Gender inequalities in health: exploring the contribution of living conditions in the intersection of social class. Global Health Action. 2014 Dec;7(1):23189. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.23189
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.23189
• dc.identifier.issn 1654-9716
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/58702
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Taylor & Francis
• dc.relation.ispartof Global Health Action. 2014 Dec;7(1):23189
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/278173
• dc.rights © 2014 Davide Malmusi et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Gender
• dc.subject.keyword Health inequalities
• dc.subject.keyword Self-rated health
• dc.subject.keyword Intersectionality
• dc.subject.keyword Material resources
• dc.subject.keyword Social class
• dc.title Gender inequalities in health: exploring the contribution of living conditions in the intersection of social class
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion