Cooking methods are associated with inflammatory factors, renal function, and other hormones and nutritional biomarkers in older adults

Rodríguez-Ayala, Montserrat; Banegas, Jose R.; Ortolá, Rosario; Gorostidi, Manuel; Donat-Vargas, Carolina; Rodríguez Artalejo, Fernando; Guallar-Castillón, Pilar

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19716-1

Cooking methods are associated with inflammatory factors, renal function, and other hormones and nutritional biomarkers in older adults

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Rodríguez-Ayala M, Banegas JR, Ortolá R, Gorostidi M, Donat-Vargas C, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillón P. Cooking methods are associated with inflammatory factors, renal function, and other hormones and nutritional biomarkers in older adults. Sci Rep. 2022 Oct 1;12(1):16483. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19716-1

Abstract

Evidence of the role of cooking methods on inflammation and metabolic health is scarce due to the paucity of large-size studies. Our aim was to evaluate the association of cooking methods with inflammatory markers, renal function, and other hormones and nutritional biomarkers in a general population of older adults. In a cross sectional analysis with 2467 individuals aged ≥ 65, dietary and cooking information was collected using a validated face-to-face dietary history. Eight cooking methods were considered: raw, boiling, roasting, pan-frying, frying, toasting, sautéing, and stewing. Biomarkers were analyzed in a central laboratory following standard procedures. Marginal effects from generalized linear models were calculated and percentage differences (PD) of the multivariable-adjusted means of biomarkers between extreme sex-specific quintiles (Q) of cooking methods consumption were computed ([Q5 - Q1/Q1] × 100). Participants' mean age was 71.6 years (53% women). Significant PD for the highest vs lowest quintile of raw food consumption was - 54.7% for high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP), - 11.9% for neutrophils, - 11.9% for Growth Differentiation Factor-15, - 25.0% for Interleukin-6 (IL-6), - 12.3% for urinary albumin, and - 10.3% for uric acid. PD for boiling were - 17.8% for hs-CRP, - 12.4% for urinary albumin, and - 11.3% for thyroid-stimulating hormone. Concerning pan-frying, the PD was - 23.2% for hs-CRP, - 11.5% for IL-6, - 16.3% for urinary albumin and 10.9% for serum vitamin D. For frying, the PD was a 25.7% for hs-CRP, and - 12.6% for vitamin D. For toasting, corresponding figures were - 21.4% for hs-CRP, - 11.1% for IL-6 and 10.6% for vitamin D. For stewing, the PD was 13.3% for hs-CRP. Raw, boiling, pan-frying, and toasting were associated with healthy profiles as for inflammatory markers, renal function, thyroid hormones, and serum vitamin D. On the contrary, frying and, to a less extent, stewing showed unhealthier profiles. Cooking methods not including added fats where healthier than those with added fats heated at high temperatures or during longer periods of time.