Loneliness during the last phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A longitudinal study of group-based trajectories, risk factors, and consequences in mental health

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• dc.contributor.author Domènech-Abella, Joan
• dc.contributor.author Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina
• dc.contributor.author García-Mieres, Helena
• dc.contributor.author Mortier, Philippe
• dc.contributor.author Félez Nóbrega, Mireia
• dc.contributor.author Cristóbal Narváez, Paula
• dc.contributor.author Vilagut Saiz, Gemma, 1975-
• dc.contributor.author Olaya, Beatriz
• dc.contributor.author Alonso Caballero, Jordi
• dc.contributor.author Haro Abad, Josep Maria
• dc.date.accessioned 2024-06-03T06:29:39Z
• dc.date.issued 2023
• dc.description.abstract Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the courses of loneliness following a national state of emergency including a curfew due to a rise in COVID-19 cases, associated risk factors, and the effect of loneliness on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Data of 2,000 adults in Spain which were interviewed by telephone at the first follow-up of the MINDCOVID project (February-March 2021) and of whom 953 were interviewed nine months later (November-December 2021) were analyzed. Group-based trajectories and mixed models were constructed. Results: Three courses of loneliness were detected: (1) invariant low loneliness (42.6%), (2) decreasing medium loneliness (51.5%), and (3) fairly invariant high loneliness (5.9%). Loneliness courses were associated with the severity and variability of symptoms of depression and anxiety. In contrast to the majority of pre-pandemic studies, younger adults more frequently reported loneliness compared to middle-aged and, particularly, older individuals. Other risk factors for loneliness were being female, being unmarried, and, notably, having pre-pandemic mental disorders. Conclusions: Future studies should validate whether the newly observed loneliness patterns across age groups persist and assess the evolution of loneliness courses and their impact on mental health, with particular attention given to young adults and individuals with pre-existing mental disorders.
• dc.description.sponsorship This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Government of Spain (MCIU), (grant number COV20/00711). Philippe Mortier's work is supported by ISCIII research contracts (Sara Borrell [CD18/00049] and Miguel Servet [CP21/00078]). Aina Gabarrell-Pascuet's work is supported by the Secretariat of Universities and Research of the Generalitat de Catalunya and the European Social Fund (2021 FI_B 00839). Paula Cristóbal-Narváez's work is supported by Sara Borell (CD20/00035) and financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Helena García-Mieres has a Margarita Salas postdoctoral contract awarded by the University of Barcelona and placed at Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Joan Domènech-Abella's work is supported by the Centro de Investigación Biomédica Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) and the PID2021–123885NB-I00 research project, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), the State Research Agency (AEI), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Domènech-Abella J, Gabarrell-Pascuet A, García-Mieres H, Mortier P, Felez-Nobrega M, Cristóbal-Narváez P, et al. Loneliness during the last phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A longitudinal study of group-based trajectories, risk factors, and consequences in mental health. Psychiatry Res. 2023 Aug;326:115327. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115327
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115327
• dc.identifier.issn 0165-1781
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/60325
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Elsevier
• dc.relation.ispartof Psychiatry Res. 2023 Aug;326:115327
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/3PE/PID2021–123885NB-I00
• dc.rights © Elsevier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115327
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.subject.keyword Anxiety
• dc.subject.keyword Covid-19 pandemic
• dc.subject.keyword Depression
• dc.subject.keyword Group-based trajectories
• dc.subject.keyword Loneliness
• dc.title Loneliness during the last phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A longitudinal study of group-based trajectories, risk factors, and consequences in mental health
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion