The effects of traveling in different transport modes on galvanic skin response (GSR) as a measure of stress: An observational study

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• dc.contributor.author Yang, Xiuleng
• dc.contributor.author McCoy, Emma
• dc.contributor.author Anaya Boig, Esther
• dc.contributor.author Avila-Palencia, Ione, 1985-
• dc.contributor.author Brand, Christian
• dc.contributor.author Carrasco Turigas, Glòria
• dc.contributor.author Dons, Evi
• dc.contributor.author Gerike, Regine
• dc.contributor.author Goetschi, Thomas
• dc.contributor.author Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.
• dc.contributor.author Orjuela, Juan Pablo
• dc.contributor.author Int Panis, Luc
• dc.contributor.author Standaert, Arnout
• dc.contributor.author De Nazelle, Audrey
• dc.date.accessioned 2022-05-10T05:53:08Z
• dc.date.available 2022-05-10T05:53:08Z
• dc.date.issued 2021
• dc.description.abstract Background: Stress is one of many ailments associated with urban living, with daily travel a potential major source. Active travel, nevertheless, has been associated with lower levels of stress compared to other modes. Earlier work has relied on self-reported measures of stress, and on study designs that limit our ability to establish causation. Objectives: To evaluate effects of daily travel in different modes on an objective proxy measure of stress, the galvanic skin response (GSR). Methods: We collected data from 122 participants across 3 European cities as part of the Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA) study, including: GSR measured every minute alongside confounders (physical activity, near-body temperature) during three separate weeks covering 3 seasons; sociodemographic and travel information through questionnaires. Causal relationships between travel in different modes (the "treatment") and stress were established by using a propensity score matching (PSM) approach to adjust for potential confounding and estimating linear mixed models (LMM) with individuals as random effects to account for repeated measurements. In three separate analyses, we compared GSR while cycling to not cycling, then walking to not walking then motorized (public or private) travel to any activity other than motorized travel. Results: Depending on LMM formulations used, cycling reduces 1-minute GSR by 5.7% [95% CI: 2.0-16.9%] to 11.1% [95% CI: 5.0-24.4%] compared to any other activity. Repeating the analysis for other modes we find that: walking is also beneficial, reducing GSR by 3.9% [95% CI: 1.4-10.7%] to 5.7% [95% CI: 2.6-12.3%] compared to any other activity; motorized mode (private or public) in reverse increases GSR by up to 1.1% [95% CI: 0.5-2.9%]. Discussion: Active travel offers a welcome way to reduce stress in urban dwellers' daily lives. Stress can be added to the growing number of evidence-based reasons for promoting active travel in cities.
• dc.description.sponsorship This work was supported by the European project Physical Activity through Sustainable Transportation Approaches (PASTA). PASTA (http://www.pastaproject.eu/) is a four-year project funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (EU FP7) under European Commission ‐ Grant Agreement No. 602624. Xiuleng Yang is supported by a studentship in the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) on Financial Computing & Analytics (co-organised by Imperial College London and University College London).
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Yang X, McCoy E, Anaya-Boig E, Avila-Palencia I, Brand C, Carrasco-Turigas G, Dons E, Gerike R, Goetschi T, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Pablo Orjuela J, Int Panis L, Standaert A, de Nazelle A. The effects of traveling in different transport modes on galvanic skin response (GSR) as a measure of stress: An observational study. Environ Int. 2021 Nov;156:106764. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106764
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106764
• dc.identifier.issn 160-4120
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/53035
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Elsevier
• dc.relation.ispartof Environ Int. 2021 Nov;156:106764
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/602624
• dc.rights © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Active travel
• dc.subject.keyword Cycling
• dc.subject.keyword Propensityscores
• dc.subject.keyword Stress reduction
• dc.subject.keyword Walking
• dc.title The effects of traveling in different transport modes on galvanic skin response (GSR) as a measure of stress: An observational study
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion