Birth weight, ethnicity, and exposure to trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water during pregnancy in the born in bradford cohort.

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  • dc.contributor.author Smith, Rachel B.ca
  • dc.contributor.author Edward, Susan C.ca
  • dc.contributor.author Best, Nickyca
  • dc.contributor.author Wright, Johnca
  • dc.contributor.author Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.ca
  • dc.contributor.author Toledano, Mireille B.ca
  • dc.date.accessioned 2016-05-06T10:43:16Z
  • dc.date.available 2016-05-06T10:43:16Z
  • dc.date.issued 2016
  • dc.description.abstract BACKGROUND: Evidence for a relationship between trihalomethane (THM) or haloacetic acid (HAA) exposure and adverse fetal growth is inconsistent. Disinfection by-products exist as complex mixtures in water supplies, but THMs and HAAs have typically been examined separately. OBJECTIVES: We investigated joint exposure at the individual level to THMs and HAAs in relation to birth weight in the multi-ethnic Born in Bradford birth cohort. METHODS: Pregnant women reported their water consumption and activities via questionnaire. These data were combined with area-level THM and HAA oncentrations to estimate integrated uptake of THMs into blood and HAA ingestion, accounting for boiling/filtering. We examined the relationship between THM and HAA exposures and birth weight of up to 7,438 singleton term babies using multiple linear regression, stratified by ethnicity. RESULTS: Among Pakistani-origin infants, mean birth weight was significantly lower in association with the highest versus lowest tertiles of integrated THM uptake (e.g., -53.7 g; 95% CI: -89.9, -17.5 for ≥ 1.82 vs. < 1.05 μg/day of total THM) and there were significant trends (p < 0.01) across increasing tertiles, but there were no associations among white British infants. Neither ingestion of HAAs alone or jointly with THMs was associated with birth weight. Estimated THM uptake via showering, bathing, and swimming was significantly associated with lower birth weight in Pakistani-origin infants, when adjusting for THM and HAA ingestion via water consumption. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the largest DBP and fetal growth study to date with individual water use data, and the first to examine individual-level estimates of joint THM-HAA exposure. Our findings demonstrate associations between THM, but not HAA, exposure during pregnancy and reduced birth weight, but suggest this differs by ethnicity. This study suggests that THMs are not acting as a proxy for HAAs, or vice-versa.ca
  • dc.description.sponsorship This research was funded by HiWATE (Health Impacts of Long-Term Exposure to Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water in Europe) (EU 6th Framework Programme contract no. Food-CT-2006-036224), the Joint Environment & Human Health Programme (NERC grant NE/ E008844/1), an Economic and Social Research Council studentship (PTA-031-2006-00544 to R.B.S.), an MRC Capacity Building Studentship 2010-2013 to S.C.E., and a Research Training support stipend (S.C.E.). The MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health is funded by the UK Medical Research Council and Public Health England
  • dc.format.mimetype application/pdfca
  • dc.identifier.citation Smith RB, Edwards SC, Best N, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB. Birth weight, ethnicity, and exposure to trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water during pregnancy in the born in bradford cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2016 May;124(5):681-9. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409480ca
  • dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409480
  • dc.identifier.issn 0091-6765
  • dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/26254
  • dc.language.iso engca
  • dc.publisher National Institute of Environmental Health Sciencesca
  • dc.relation.ispartof Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016 May;124(5):681-9
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP6/036224
  • dc.rights Reproduced wiht permission from Environmental Health Perspectivesca
  • dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessca
  • dc.subject.other Aigua -- Qualitatca
  • dc.subject.other Embaràsca
  • dc.subject.other Fetus -- Malaltiesca
  • dc.title Birth weight, ethnicity, and exposure to trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water during pregnancy in the born in bradford cohort.ca
  • dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/articleca
  • dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionca

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