Short-term changes in respiratory biomarkers after swimming in a chlorinated pool

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  • dc.contributor.author Font Ribera, Laia
  • dc.contributor.author Kogevinas, Manolis
  • dc.contributor.author Zock, Jan-Paul
  • dc.contributor.author Gómez, Federico P.
  • dc.contributor.author Barreiro Portela, Esther
  • dc.contributor.author Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.
  • dc.contributor.author Fernandez, Pilar
  • dc.contributor.author Lourencetti, Carolina
  • dc.contributor.author Pérez-Olabarría, Maitane
  • dc.contributor.author Bustamante Pineda, Mariona
  • dc.contributor.author Marcos, Ricard
  • dc.contributor.author Grimalt Obrador, Joan
  • dc.contributor.author Villanueva, Cristina M.
  • dc.date.accessioned 2021-02-08T09:33:10Z
  • dc.date.available 2021-02-08T09:33:10Z
  • dc.date.issued 2010
  • dc.description.abstract Background Swimming in chlorinated pools involves exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) and has been associated with impaired respiratory health. Objectives We evaluated short-term changes in several respiratory biomarkers to explore mechanisms of potential lung damage related to swimming pool exposure. Methods We measured lung function and biomarkers of airway inflammation [fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), eight cytokines, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in exhaled breath condensate], oxidative stress (8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate), and lung permeability [surfactant protein D (SP-D) and the Clara cell secretory protein (CC16) in serum] in 48 healthy nonsmoking adults before and after they swam for 40 min in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool. We measured trihalomethanes in exhaled breath as a marker of individual exposure to DBPs. Energy expenditure during swimming, atopy, and CC16 genotype (rs3741240) were also determined. Results Median serum CC16 levels increased from 6.01 to 6.21 μg/L (average increase, 3.3%; paired Wilcoxon test p = 0.03), regardless of atopic status and CC16 genotype. This increase was explained both by energy expenditure and different markers of DBP exposure in multivariate models. FeNO was unchanged overall but tended to decrease among atopics. We found no significant changes in lung function, SP-D, 8-isoprostane, eight cytokines, or VEGF. Conclusions We detected a slight increase in serum CC16, a marker of lung epithelium permeability, in healthy adults after they swam in an indoor chlorinated pool. Exercise and DBP exposure explained this association, without involving inflammatory mechanisms. Further research is needed to confirm the results, establish the clinical relevance of short-term serum CC16 changes, and evaluate the long-term health impacts.en
  • dc.description.sponsorship This work was funded by the projects SAF2005-07643-C03-01, CP06/00341, CP01/3058 from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS), Misterio de Sanidad; and SAF2007-62719, FISCP06/00341, and FI06/00651 from the Plan Nacional, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.
  • dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
  • dc.identifier.citation Font-Ribera L, Kogevinas M, Zock JP, Gómez FP, Barreiro E, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Fernandez P, Lourencetti C, Pérez-Olabarría M, Bustamante M, Marcos R, Grimalt JO, Villanueva CM. Short-term changes in respiratory biomarkers after swimming in a chlorinated pool. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Nov;118(11):1538–44. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1001961
  • dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1001961
  • dc.identifier.issn 1552-9924
  • dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/46382
  • dc.language.iso eng
  • dc.publisher National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
  • dc.relation.ispartof Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Nov;118(11):1538–44
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/2PN/SAF2005-07643-C03-01
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/2PN/SAF2007-62719
  • dc.rights Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives
  • dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  • dc.title Short-term changes in respiratory biomarkers after swimming in a chlorinated poolen
  • dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
  • dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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