Turning vulnerability into strength: how independent regulatory agencies enhance accountability and build stakeholder trust

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  • dc.contributor.author Jordana, Jacint
  • dc.contributor.author Triviño Salazar, Juan Carlos
  • dc.date.accessioned 2025-09-30T06:22:02Z
  • dc.date.available 2025-09-30T06:22:02Z
  • dc.date.issued 2025
  • dc.description Data de publicació electrònica: 30-06-2025
  • dc.description.abstract Trustable environments are highly appreciated for regulatory performance, but difficult to emerge. A condition for making trust work is to accept vulnerability, and this holds both for stakeholders and agencies in public governance. Trust-related vulnerability can be understood as a dynamic perception of potential harm derived from entering into a desired interaction. While stakeholders increased vulnerability due to voluntary exchanges with public bodies has been widely documented, the conditions under which agencies voluntarily increase their vulnerability remain less explored. Focusing on independent regulatory agencies (IRAs), this paper introduces a conceptual framework where agency vulnerability serves as a strategic tool to enhance IRAs' accountability, ultimately supporting these goals. We argue that IRAs intentionally incorporate vulnerability to make accountability efforts more credible, fostering stakeholder trust and facilitating operations. To achieve this, IRAs disclose sensitive information through accountability mechanisms, including transparency and participation initiatives. While this exposes them to criticism, penalization, or termination, it also strengthens stakeholder support and regulatory effectiveness. However, to manage risks, vulnerability is often selectively applied, prioritizing preferred stakeholders. We empirically apply this framework on Spanish data protection, finance, and food safety regulators. Our findings suggest that while vulnerability increases risks by enabling potential harm to IRAs, it ultimately mitigates accountability challenges and enhances trust among selected stakeholders, making accountability relationships more credible.en
  • dc.description.sponsorship Previous versions of this paper were presented at “Workshop on Vulnerability” CARR—London School of Economics and Political Sciences (LSE) on September 21, 2023, as well as the “Workshop on Regulation and (Dis)trust: Exploring a Complex Relationship”—European University Institute (EUI) held from January 24 to 26, 2024. This study has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 870722 (TiGRE project) and the Horizon ERC 2022 Advanced Grant under grant agreement no. 101097835 (RegTrust project).en
  • dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
  • dc.identifier.citation Jordana J, Triviño‐Salazar JC. Turning vulnerability into strength: how independent regulatory agencies enhance accountability and build stakeholder trust. Regul Gov. 2025 Jun 30. DOI: 10.1111/rego.70053
  • dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rego.70053
  • dc.identifier.issn 1748-5983
  • dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/71293
  • dc.language.iso eng
  • dc.publisher Wiley
  • dc.relation.ispartof Regulation & Governance. 2025 Jun 30
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/870722
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/822166
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/101097835
  • dc.rights © 2025 The Author(s). Regulation & Governance published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
  • dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  • dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  • dc.subject.other Informacióca
  • dc.subject.other Confiançaca
  • dc.subject.other Organismes de l'administració públicaca
  • dc.title Turning vulnerability into strength: how independent regulatory agencies enhance accountability and build stakeholder trusten
  • dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
  • dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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