The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Survey

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  • dc.contributor.author Wardenaar, Klaas J.ca
  • dc.contributor.author Alonso Caballero, Jordica
  • dc.contributor.author de Jonge, Peterca
  • dc.date.accessioned 2018-03-02T08:57:08Z
  • dc.date.available 2018-03-02T08:57:08Z
  • dc.date.issued 2017
  • dc.description.abstract BACKGROUND: Although specific phobia is highly prevalent, associated with impairment, and an important risk factor for the development of other mental disorders, cross-national epidemiological data are scarce, especially from low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents epidemiological data from 22 low-, lower-middle-, upper-middle- and high-income countries. METHOD: Data came from 25 representative population-based surveys conducted in 22 countries (2001-2011) as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys initiative (n = 124 902). The presence of specific phobia as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition was evaluated using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: The cross-national lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of specific phobia were, respectively, 7.4% and 5.5%, being higher in females (9.8 and 7.7%) than in males (4.9% and 3.3%) and higher in high- and higher-middle-income countries than in low-/lower-middle-income countries. The median age of onset was young (8 years). Of the 12-month patients, 18.7% reported severe role impairment (13.3-21.9% across income groups) and 23.1% reported any treatment (9.6-30.1% across income groups). Lifetime co-morbidity was observed in 60.5% of those with lifetime specific phobia, with the onset of specific phobia preceding the other disorder in most cases (72.6%). Interestingly, rates of impairment, treatment use and co-morbidity increased with the number of fear subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Specific phobia is common and associated with impairment in a considerable percentage of cases. Importantly, specific phobia often precedes the onset of other mental disorders, making it a possible early-life indicator of psychopathology vulnerability.
  • dc.description.sponsorship This work was funded by the WHO WMH Survey Initiative, supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; R01 MH070884), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation, the US Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864 and R01 DA016558), the Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481). The São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey is supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Thematic Project Grant 03/00204–3. The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project is funded by the European Commission (contracts QLG5–1999-01042; SANCO 2004123 and EAHC 20081308), the Piedmont Region (Italy), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain (SAF 2000-158-CE), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP), and other local agencies and by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. Implementation of the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS) and data entry were carried out by the staff of the Iraqi Ministry of Health and Ministry of Planning with direct support from the Iraqi IMHS team with funding from both the Japanese and European Funds through the United Nations Development Group Iraq Trust Fund (UNDG ITF). The WMH Japan (WMHJ) Survey is supported by the Grant for Research on Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases and Mental Health (H13-SHOGAI-023, H14-TOKUBETSU-026, H16-KOKORO-013) from the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The Lebanese National Mental Health Survey (L.E.B.A.N.O.N.) is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the WHO (Lebanon), National Institute of Health/Fogarty International Center (R03 TW006481-01) . The Mexican National Comorbidity Survey (MNCS) is supported by the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente (INPRFMDIES 4280) and by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACyT-G30544-H). C.B. has received funding from the (Mexican) National Council of Science and Technology (grant CB-2010-01-155221). The South Africa Stress and Health Study (SASH) is supported by the US NIMH (R01-MH059575). The Psychiatric Enquiry to General Population in Southeast Spain – Murcia (PEGASUS-Murcia) Project has been financed by the Regional Health Authorities of Murcia (Servicio Murciano de Salud and Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social) and Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias (FFIS) of Murcia. The Ukraine Comorbid Mental Disorders during Periods of Social Disruption (CMDPSD) study is funded by the US NIMH (RO1-MH61905). The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) is supported by the NIMH (U01-MH60220) with supplemental support from the NIDA, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF; grant 044708) . Preparation of this report was supported by a VICI grant (no: 91812607) received by P.d.J. from the Netherlands Research Foundation (NWO-ZonMW)
  • dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
  • dc.identifier.citation Wardenaar KJ, Lim CCW, Al-Hamzawi AO, Alonso J, Andrade LH, Benjet C. et al. The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Survey. Psychol Med. 2017 Jul;47(10):1744-1760. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717000174
  • dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000174
  • dc.identifier.issn 0033-2917
  • dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/34033
  • dc.language.iso eng
  • dc.publisher Cambridge University Pressca
  • dc.relation.ispartof Psychological Medicine. 2017 Jul;47(10):1744-60
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/1PN/SAF2000-158-CE
  • dc.rights © Cambridge University Press. The published version of the article: Wardenaar KJ, Lim CCW, Al-Hamzawi AO, Alonso J, Andrade LH, Benjet C. et al. The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Survey. Psychol Med. 2017 Jul;47(10):1744-1760 is available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine.
  • dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  • dc.subject.keyword Co-morbidity
  • dc.subject.keyword Cross-national studies
  • dc.subject.keyword Epidemiology
  • dc.subject.keyword Impairment
  • dc.subject.keyword Specific phobia
  • dc.subject.other Fòbia social
  • dc.subject.other Epidemiologia
  • dc.subject.other Salut mental
  • dc.title The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveyca
  • dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
  • dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

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