Long neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric sequelae in participants with post-COVID-19 infection: A longitudinal study

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• dc.contributor.author Almeria, Marta
• dc.contributor.author Cejudo, Juan Carlos
• dc.contributor.author Deus, Joan
• dc.contributor.author Krupinski, Jerzy
• dc.date.accessioned 2025-07-10T06:10:33Z
• dc.date.available 2025-07-10T06:10:33Z
• dc.date.issued 2024
• dc.description.abstract Objective: To evaluate and characterize the cognitive changes in COVID-19 participants at 6-month follow-up, and to explore a possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance and disease severity. Methods: This single-center longitudinal cohort study included participants aged 20 and 60 years old to exclude cognitive impairment age-associated with confirmed COVID-19 infection. The initial evaluation occurred 10 to 30 days after hospital or ambulatory discharge, with a subsequent follow-up at 6 months. Patients who had a history of cognitive impairment, neurological conditions, or serious psychiatric disorders were not included. Information on demographics and laboratory results was gathered from medical records. Cognitive outcomes were assessed with a neuropsychological battery including attention, verbal and visual memory, language and executive function tests. Results: A total of 200 participants were included in the study, and 108 completed the follow-up visit. At the 6-month follow-up, comparing the means from baseline with those of the follow-up evaluation, significant overall improvement was observed in verbal and visual memory subtests (p = 0.001), processing speed (p = 0.001), executive function (p = 0.028; p = 0.016) and naming (p = 0.001), independently of disease severity and cognitive complaints. Anxiety and depression were significantly higher in groups with Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC) compared to those without (p < 0.01 for both). Conclusions: Persistent symptoms are common regardless of disease severity and are often linked to cognitive complaints. Six months after COVID-19, the most frequently reported symptoms included headache, dyspnea, fatigue, cognitive complaints, anxiety, and depression. No cognitive impairment was found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19. Overall, neuropsychological and psychopathological improvement was observed at 6 months regardless of disease severity and cognitive complaints.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Almeria M, Cejudo JC, Deus J, Krupinski J. Long neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric sequelae in participants with post-COVID-19 infection: A longitudinal study. Neurol Int. 2024 Aug 16;16(4):853-68. DOI: 10.3390/neurolint16040064
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16040064
• dc.identifier.issn 2035-8377
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/70875
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher MDPI
• dc.relation.ispartof Neurol Int. 2024 Aug 16;16(4):853-68
• dc.rights © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Cognition
• dc.subject.keyword Long COVID-19
• dc.subject.keyword Persistent symptoms
• dc.subject.keyword Subjective cognitive complaints
• dc.title Long neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric sequelae in participants with post-COVID-19 infection: A longitudinal study
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion