Lowest low fertility in Spain: insights from the 2018 Spanish fertility survey

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• dc.contributor.author Lozano, Mariona
• dc.contributor.author Esteve, Albert
• dc.contributor.author Boertien, Diederik
• dc.contributor.author Mogi, Ryohei
• dc.contributor.author Cui, Qi
• dc.date.accessioned 2025-06-30T12:14:00Z
• dc.date.available 2025-06-30T12:14:00Z
• dc.date.issued 2024
• dc.date.updated 2025-06-30T12:14:00Z
• dc.description.abstract BACKGROUND. Spain has one of the most enduring low levels of fertility in the world, but desired fertility there is still close to two children. OBJECTIVES. We document recent fertility trends and examine the reasons that women and men provide for not achieving their desired fertility. METHOD. We use data from the 2018 Spanish Fertility Survey (14,556 women and 2,619 men). We provide a cohort and age perspective and compare women and men. We use retrospective information and classify the reasons people report for not having (more) children. RESULTS. Estimates on observed fertility, employment, and partnerships show that having a stable partner between the ages of 25 and 35 seems key in the transition to childbearing. Work-family conflicts and insufficient economic resources are the main reasons women and men give for not having their desired number of children. These are followed by partnership reasons (not having a stable partner) and health (infertility). CONCLUSIONS. Our findings, although descriptive, shed light on the multiple and age-varying obstacles that prevent women and men from achieving desired levels of fertility. CONTRIBUTION. The Spanish population indicates that the most important preconditions for having (more) children are sufficient economic resources, stability, and having a partner.
• dc.description.sponsorship This paper acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Ref. RYC-2021-034487-I), La Caixa Foundation Social Research Call (Ref. RS23-00090) (ML), the Spanish Ministry of Education (Ref. PID2021-124267OB-I00) (AE &DB), and the Spanish Ministry of Science (Ref. RYC2019-026510-I) (DB), the European Research Council, ERC-2020-STG-948557-MINEQ (DB) and Advanced Grant - 101052787 - CORESIDENCE (AE), MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE+ for the project: JDC2022-049247-I, and ERC, Born Once - Die Once, 10104398 (RM). Finally support came from the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya (ML, AE, DB).
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Lozano M, Esteve A, Boertien D, Mogi R, Cui Q. Lowest low fertility in Spain: insights from the 2018 Spanish fertility survey. Demographic Research. 2024;51:625-36. DOI: 10.4054/DEMRES.2024.51.19
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2024.51.19
• dc.identifier.issn 1435-9871
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/70797
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
• dc.relation.ispartof Demographic Research. 2024;51:625-36
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/3PE/PID2021-124267OB-I00
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/948557
• dc.relation.projectID HE/101052787
• dc.rights This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, 3.0 Germany (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/legalcode). Lozano M, Esteve A, Boertien D, Mogi R, Cui Q. Lowest low fertility in Spain: insights from the 2018 Spanish fertility survey. Demographic Research. 2024;51:625-36. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2024.51.19
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/legalcode
• dc.subject.other Fecunditat -- Espanya
• dc.subject.other Fecunditat -- Enquestes -- Espanya
• dc.title Lowest low fertility in Spain: insights from the 2018 Spanish fertility survey
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion