US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants
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- dc.contributor.author Levin, Ronnie
- dc.contributor.author Villanueva Belmonte, Cristina
- dc.contributor.author Beene, Daniel
- dc.contributor.author Cradock, Angie L.
- dc.contributor.author Donat-Vargas, Carolina
- dc.contributor.author Lewis, Johnnye
- dc.contributor.author Martinez-Morata, Irene
- dc.contributor.author Minovi, Darya
- dc.contributor.author Nigra, Anne E.
- dc.contributor.author Olson, Erik D.
- dc.contributor.author Schaider, Laurel A.
- dc.contributor.author Ward, Mary H.
- dc.contributor.author Deziel, Nicole C.
- dc.date.accessioned 2023-12-11T06:37:17Z
- dc.date.available 2023-12-11T06:37:17Z
- dc.date.issued 2023
- dc.description Data de publicació electrònica: 22-09-2023
- dc.description.abstract Background: Advances in drinking water infrastructure and treatment throughout the 20th and early 21st century dramatically improved water reliability and quality in the United States (US) and other parts of the world. However, numerous chemical contaminants from a range of anthropogenic and natural sources continue to pose chronic health concerns, even in countries with established drinking water regulations, such as the US. Objective/methods: In this review, we summarize exposure risk profiles and health effects for seven legacy and emerging drinking water contaminants or contaminant groups: arsenic, disinfection by-products, fracking-related substances, lead, nitrate, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and uranium. We begin with an overview of US public water systems, and US and global drinking water regulation. We end with a summary of cross-cutting challenges that burden US drinking water systems: aging and deteriorated water infrastructure, vulnerabilities for children in school and childcare facilities, climate change, disparities in access to safe and reliable drinking water, uneven enforcement of drinking water standards, inadequate health assessments, large numbers of chemicals within a class, a preponderance of small water systems, and issues facing US Indigenous communities. Results: Research and data on US drinking water contamination show that exposure profiles, health risks, and water quality reliability issues vary widely across populations, geographically and by contaminant. Factors include water source, local and regional features, aging water infrastructure, industrial or commercial activities, and social determinants. Understanding the risk profiles of different drinking water contaminants is necessary for anticipating local and general problems, ascertaining the state of drinking water resources, and developing mitigation strategies. Impact statement: Drinking water contamination is widespread, even in the US. Exposure risk profiles vary by contaminant. Understanding the risk profiles of different drinking water contaminants is necessary for anticipating local and general public health problems, ascertaining the state of drinking water resources, and developing mitigation strategies.
- dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
- dc.identifier.citation Levin R, Villanueva CM, Beene D, Cradock AL, Donat-Vargas C, Lewis J, et al. US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2023 Sep 22. DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00597-z
- dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-023-00597-z
- dc.identifier.issn 1559-0631
- dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/58468
- dc.language.iso eng
- dc.publisher Nature Research
- dc.relation.ispartof J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2023 Sep 22
- dc.rights © The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
- dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
- dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
- dc.subject.keyword Drinking water
- dc.subject.keyword Environmental disparities
- dc.subject.keyword Exposure risk profiles
- dc.subject.keyword Social determinants
- dc.subject.keyword Water contaminants
- dc.subject.keyword Water infrastructure
- dc.title US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants
- dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
- dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion