The hidden web and the fentanyl problem: Detection of ocfentanil as an adulterant in heroin

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• dc.contributor.author Quintana Mathé, Polca
• dc.contributor.author Ventura, Mireiaca
• dc.contributor.author Grifell Guardia, Marcca
• dc.contributor.author Palma Conesa, Alvaroca
• dc.contributor.author Galindo Guarín, Lilianaca
• dc.contributor.author Fornís Espinosa, Ivánca
• dc.contributor.author Gil Lladanosa, Cristinaca
• dc.contributor.author Carbón Mallol, Xoánca
• dc.contributor.author Caudevilla Galligo, Fernandoca
• dc.contributor.author Farré Albaladejo, Magíca
• dc.contributor.author Torrens, Martaca
• dc.date.accessioned 2018-01-19T08:11:38Z
• dc.date.issued 2017
• dc.description.abstract BACKGROUND: The popularization of anonymous markets such as Silk Road is challenging current drug policy and may provide a new context for old issues, such as adulteration of heroin with fentanyl derivatives. The aims of this paper are to report the presence of ocfentanil, a novel, potent, non-controlled fentanyl analog, in samples sold as heroin in the hidden web, and to summarize the effects reported by users. METHODS: In 2015, four samples allegedly bought as heroin in cryptomarkets of the hidden web were sent to Energy Control for analysis. Energy Control is a Spanish harm reduction NGO that offers anonymous drug checking with the purpose of adapting counselling to the specific substances present in the drug and monitor the drug market. Identification was performed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. We contacted the submitters of the samples and performed an Internet search to retrieve additional information. RESULTS: One sample contained ocfentanil, caffeine and heroin. Three samples contained the aforementioned substances plus paracetamol. Two out of the four contacted users reported distinct short acting, opioid-like effects. No fora discussion could be found about the effects of ocfentanil, neither web pages nor individuals advertising the substance. CONCLUSION: We report the presence of a new substance detected in the hidden web as an adulterant of heroin, ocfentanil. It has short acting opioid-like effects, roughly the same potency as fentanyl, and can be injected, snorted or smoked. Severe side effects have been associated with its use, including one death. No discussion about this substance could be found in the Internet, which suggests this substance has not been sold as such. Available data about purities of drugs purchased in cryptomarkets suggest that adulteration is not a severe problem and this agrees with users' perceptions. However, this study suggests that adulteration is a real threat not only at the street level, but also for users that buy substances in cryptomarkets, and suggest the need for harm reduction initiatives in this setting.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdfca
• dc.identifier.citation Quintana P, Ventura M, Grifell M, Palma A, Galindo L, Fornís I. et al. The hidden web and the fentanyl problem: Detection of ocfentanil as an adulterant in heroin. Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Feb;40:78-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.006
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.006
• dc.identifier.issn 0955-3959
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/33692
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Elsevierca
• dc.relation.ispartof International Journal of Drug Policy. 2017 Feb;40:78-83
• dc.rights © Elsevier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.006
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.subject.keyword Adulteration
• dc.subject.keyword Dark web
• dc.subject.keyword Fentanyl derivatives
• dc.subject.keyword Heroin
• dc.subject.keyword Hidden web
• dc.subject.keyword Ocfentanil
• dc.subject.other Heroïna
• dc.subject.other Drogues
• dc.title The hidden web and the fentanyl problem: Detection of ocfentanil as an adulterant in heroinca
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion