Comprehensive study on the potential environmental risk of temporal antibiotic usage through wastewater discharges

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• dc.contributor.author Gracia-Marín, Elisa
• dc.contributor.author Rico, Andreu
• dc.contributor.author Fabregat-Safont, David
• dc.contributor.author López, Francisco J.
• dc.contributor.author Hernández, Félix
• dc.contributor.author Pitarch, Elena
• dc.contributor.author Bijlsma, Lubertus
• dc.date.accessioned 2024-10-16T06:14:35Z
• dc.date.embargoEnd info:eu-repo/date/embargoEnd/2025-10-31
• dc.date.issued 2024
• dc.description.abstract Antibiotic residues can reach aquatic ecosystems through urban wastewater discharges, posing an ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms and favoring the development of bacterial resistance. To assess the emission rate and hazardousness of these compounds, it is important to carry out periodic chemical monitoring campaigns that provide information regarding the actual performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the potential impact of the treated wastewater in the aquatic environment. In this study, 18 of the most widely consumed antibiotics in Spain were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in both influent (IWW) and effluent wastewater (EWW) samples collected over four seasons along 2021-2022. Eleven antibiotics were detected in EWW with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin showing the highest concentration levels (around 2 μg L-1 of azithromycin and 0.4 μg L-1 of quinolone compounds). Data showed that only 4 out of the 11 compounds were removed by more than 50 % in the WWTP, with sulfamethoxazole standing out with an average removal efficiency >80 %. The risk that treated water could pose to the aquatic environment was also assessed, with 6 compounds indicating a potential environmental risk by exceeding established ecotoxicological and resistance thresholds. Based on the risk assessment, the WWTP removal efficiency required to reduce such risk for antibiotics was estimated. In addition, pooled wastewater samples were screened by LC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation, searching for metabolites and transformation products of the antibiotics investigated to widen future research. Studies like this are crucial to map the impact of antibiotic pollution and to provide the basis for designing water quality and risk prevention monitoring programs.
• dc.description.sponsorship Authors from UJI acknowledge financial support from Project PID 2021-127451OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe, the General Directorate of Water (Conselleria de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Emergencia Climática y Transición Ecológica), Generalitat Valenciana (research group of excellence PROMETEO 2019/040) and University Jaume I (project UJI-B2022-16). L.B. and E.G.M. acknowledge “la Caixa” Foundation (LCF/BQ/PR21/11840012, project ID 100010434). L.B. also acknowledges grant RYC 2020-028936-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ ESF Investing in your future”. A.R. thanks the Talented Researcher Support Programme - PlanGenT (CIDEGENT/2020/043) of the Generalitat Valenciana. D.F.S was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral contract MGS/2021/15(UP 2021-021) financed by the European Union-NextGenerationEU. Finally, all authors acknowledge Sociedad de Fomento Agrícola Castellonense (FACSA) (Castelló, Spain) for the wastewater sample collection and the Ayuntamiento of Castelló for the authorization to collect wastewater samples from the WWTP.
• dc.embargo.liftdate 2025-10-31
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Gracia-Marín E, Rico A, Fabregat-Safont D, López FJ, Hernández F, Pitarch E, et al. Comprehensive study on the potential environmental risk of temporal antibiotic usage through wastewater discharges. Chemosphere. 2024 Jan;346:140587. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140587
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140587
• dc.identifier.issn 0045-6535
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/61416
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Elsevier
• dc.relation.ispartof Chemosphere. 2024 Jan;346:140587
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/3PE/PID2021-127451OB-I00
• dc.rights © Elsevier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140587
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess
• dc.title Comprehensive study on the potential environmental risk of temporal antibiotic usage through wastewater discharges
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion