The evaluation of the 3-30-300 green space rule and mental health

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• dc.contributor.author Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.
• dc.contributor.author Dadvand, Payam
• dc.contributor.author Márquez, Sandra
• dc.contributor.author Bartoll, Xavier
• dc.contributor.author Pereira Barboza, Evelise
• dc.contributor.author Cirach, Marta
• dc.contributor.author Borrell i Thió, Carme
• dc.contributor.author Zijlema, Wilma
• dc.date.accessioned 2023-03-02T07:05:24Z
• dc.date.available 2023-03-02T07:05:24Z
• dc.date.issued 2022
• dc.description.abstract Background and aims: Urban green space has many health benefits, but it is still unclear how much actually is needed for better health. Recently a new 3-30-300 rule of thumb for urban forestry and urban greening has been proposed, but this rule has not been evaluated for benefits on health. The rule requires that every citizen should be able to see at least three trees from their home, have 30 percent tree canopy cover in their neighbourhood and not live more than 300 m away from the nearest park or green space. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the 3-30-300 green space rule and its components in relation to mental health. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on a population-based sample of 3145 individuals aged 15-97 years from in Barcelona, Spain who participated in the Barcelona Health Survey (2016-2017). We created 3-30-300 green space indicators using questionnaire data, GIS, remote sensing and land cover maps. Mental health status was assessed with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and also the use of tranquilizer/sedatives or antidepressants and psychiatrist or psychologist visits. Analyses were conducted using mixed effects logistic regression models with districts as the random effect, adjusted for relevant covariates. Results: We found that people in Barcelona had relatively little exposure to green space, whether through window view, living in an area with sufficient greenness, or access to a major green space, and only 4.7% met a surrogate 3-30-300 green space rule. Residential surrounding greenness, but not tree window view or access to major green space, was significantly associated with better mental health, less medication use, and fewer psychologist or psychiatrist visits. Meeting the full surrogate 3-30-300 green space rule was associated with better mental health, less medication use, and fewer psychologist or psychiatrist visits, but only for the latter combined the association was statistically significant (Odds ratio = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.91). Conclusion: Few people achieved the 3-30-300 green space in Barcelona and we used a surrogate measure. We observed health benefits when the full surrogate rule was met.
• dc.description.sponsorship We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019–2023 Program (CEX 2018-000806-S), support from the Generalitat through the CERCA program and GoGreenRoutes project through the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 869764.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Dadvand P, Márquez S, Bartoll X, Barboza EP, Cirach M, Borrell C, Zijlema WL. The evaluation of the 3-30-300 green space rule and mental health. Environ Res. 2022 Dec;215(Pt 2):114387. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114387
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114387
• dc.identifier.issn 0013-9351
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/56005
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Elsevier
• dc.relation.ispartof Environ Res. 2022 Dec;215(Pt 2):114387
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/869764
• dc.rights © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword 3-30-300
• dc.subject.keyword Anti-depressants
• dc.subject.keyword Greenness
• dc.subject.keyword Greenspace
• dc.subject.keyword Medication use
• dc.subject.keyword Mental health
• dc.subject.keyword Psychiatrist visits
• dc.subject.keyword Psychologist visits
• dc.subject.keyword Sedatives
• dc.subject.keyword Tranquilizer
• dc.subject.keyword Tree cover
• dc.title The evaluation of the 3-30-300 green space rule and mental health
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion