Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test

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• dc.contributor.author Pérez Enríquez, Carmen
• dc.contributor.author García Escobar, Greta
• dc.contributor.author Florido-Santiago, Mercedes
• dc.contributor.author Piqué-Candini, Joana
• dc.contributor.author Arrondo-Elizarána, Carlota
• dc.contributor.author Grau-Guinea, Lorena
• dc.contributor.author Pereira-Cutiño, Beatriz
• dc.contributor.author Manero, Rosa María
• dc.contributor.author Puig-Pijoan, Albert
• dc.contributor.author Peña Casanova, Jordi
• dc.contributor.author Sánchez Benavides, Gonzalo
• dc.date.accessioned 2024-05-09T06:23:08Z
• dc.date.available 2024-05-09T06:23:08Z
• dc.date.issued 2021
• dc.description Article disponible en castellà: http://hdl.handle.net/10230/53669
• dc.description.abstract Objective: The present study aims to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Modified Taylor Complex Figure (MTCF), and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. Methods: We recruited 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores, as well as adjustments for education and sex after applying independent regression models in 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). Results: Older age had a negative effect on performance in both age groups. We observed a positive effect of education on WCST performance in the younger group (< 50 years), and on all MTCF measures (with the exception of the recognition task) in the older group (≥ 50 years). Education had no impact on performance in the RULIT, although sex did, with a small but significant effect whereby young men showed higher performance for one variable. Conclusion: The normative data provided can contribute to the clinical interpretation of performance in these tests in the Spanish population.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Pérez-Enríquez C, García-Escobar G, Florido-Santiago M, Piqué-Candini J, Arrondo-Elizarán C, Grau-Guinea L, et al. Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2024;39:235-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.05.014
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.05.014
• dc.identifier.issn 2173-5808
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/60083
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Elsevier
• dc.relation.ispartof Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2024;39:235-43
• dc.rights © 2023 Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Española de Neurología. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Norms/normative studies
• dc.subject.keyword Learning and memory
• dc.subject.keyword Executive functions
• dc.title Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion