Associations between green/blue spaces and mental health across 18 countries

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• dc.contributor.author White, Mathew P.
• dc.contributor.author Elliott, Lewis R.
• dc.contributor.author Grellier, James
• dc.contributor.author Economou, Theo
• dc.contributor.author Bell, Simon
• dc.contributor.author Bratman, Gregory N.
• dc.contributor.author Cirach, Marta
• dc.contributor.author Gascon Merlos, Mireia, 1984-
• dc.contributor.author Lima, Maria L.
• dc.contributor.author Lõhmus, Mare
• dc.contributor.author Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.
• dc.contributor.author Ojala, Ann
• dc.contributor.author Roiko, Anne
• dc.contributor.author Schultz, P. Wesley
• dc.contributor.author van den Bosch, Matilda A.
• dc.contributor.author Fleming, Lora E.
• dc.date.accessioned 2022-06-02T06:02:38Z
• dc.date.available 2022-06-02T06:02:38Z
• dc.date.issued 2021
• dc.description.abstract Living near, recreating in, and feeling psychologically connected to, the natural world are all associated with better mental health, but many exposure-related questions remain. Using data from an 18-country survey (n = 16,307) we explored associations between multiple measures of mental health (positive well-being, mental distress, depression/anxiety medication use) and: (a) exposures (residential/recreational visits) to different natural settings (green/inland-blue/coastal-blue spaces); and (b) nature connectedness, across season and country. People who lived in greener/coastal neighbourhoods reported higher positive well-being, but this association largely disappeared when recreational visits were controlled for. Frequency of recreational visits to green, inland-blue, and coastal-blue spaces in the last 4 weeks were all positively associated with positive well-being and negatively associated with mental distress. Associations with green space visits were relatively consistent across seasons and countries but associations with blue space visits showed greater heterogeneity. Nature connectedness was also positively associated with positive well-being and negatively associated with mental distress and was, along with green space visits, associated with a lower likelihood of using medication for depression. By contrast inland-blue space visits were associated with a greater likelihood of using anxiety medication. Results highlight the benefits of multi-exposure, multi-response, multi-country studies in exploring complexity in nature-health associations.
• dc.description.sponsorship This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 666773 (BlueHealth). Data collection in California was supported by the Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University. Data collection in Canada was supported by the Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia. Data collection in Finland was supported by the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). Data collection in Australia was supported by Griffith University and the University of the Sunshine Coast. Data collection in Portugal was supported by ISCTE—University Institute of Lisbon. Data collection in Ireland was supported by the Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland. Data collection in Hong Kong was supported by an internal University of Exeter—Chinese University of Hong Kong international collaboration fund. The funders had no role in the conceptualisation, design, analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation White MP, Elliott LR, Grellier J, Economou T, Bell S, Bratman GN, Cirach M, Gascon M, Lima ML, Lõhmus M, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Ojala A, Roiko A, Schultz PW, van den Bosch M, Fleming LE. Associations between green/blue spaces and mental health across 18 countries. Sci Rep. 2021 Apr 26;11(1):8903. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87675-0
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87675-0
• dc.identifier.issn 2045-2322
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/53357
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Nature Research
• dc.relation.ispartof Sci Rep. 2021 Apr 26;11(1):8903
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/666773
• dc.rights © The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Environmental social sciences
• dc.subject.keyword Psychology
• dc.title Associations between green/blue spaces and mental health across 18 countries
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion