Adherence to the 3+30+300 urban green space rule and mental health, physical activity, and overweight: A population-based study in the Netherlands

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• dc.contributor.author Helbich, Marco
• dc.contributor.author Browning, Matthew H. E. M.
• dc.contributor.author Voets, Dirk
• dc.contributor.author Dadvand, Payam
• dc.date.accessioned 2025-09-17T06:08:19Z
• dc.date.available 2025-09-17T06:08:19Z
• dc.date.issued 2025
• dc.description.abstract Background: The 3+30+300 guideline aims to establish a standard for healthier cities to enhance population health through the provision of trees and green space; however, little empirical evidence to support its effectiveness is available. Objectives: We aimed to 1) evaluate the adherence to the 3+30+300 urban green space rule in the Netherlands; 2) examine the associations between the 3+30+300 rule (and its components) and adults' health and behavioral outcomes; and 3) assess possible effect modifications by age, sex, income, and urbanicity. Methods: We used population-based health survey data for 2022 from the Netherlands. Adults' general health, psychological complaints, anxiety and depression symptoms, psychological resilience, physical activity, and overweight were assessed alongside the 3+30+300 rule at the residential addresses. Covariate-adjusted mixed effects logistic regressions estimated the associations of health and behavioral outcomes with the 3+30+300 components-individually and jointly. Subgroup analyses based on age, sex, income, and urbanicity were also conducted. Results: Of the 180,949 respondents, 16.4 % met the 3+30+300 rule. Respondents meeting the 3+30+300 rule were significantly less likely to be overweight and were significantly more likely to be physically active than those not meeting the rule. Neither meeting the 3+30+300 rule nor its components showed any association with other health or behavioral outcomes. We found no notable effect modification by age, sex, income, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that meeting the 3+30+300 green space rule may promote certain health benefits, particularly by supporting better weight management and higher physical activity levels, though its role in mental health remains inconclusive.
• dc.description.sponsorship The research leading to this work was partly supported by the “Strategic research and innovation program for the development of Medical University – Plovdiv” No. BG-RRP-2.004–0007-C01, Establishment of a network of research higher schools, National plan for recovery and resilience, financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. ISGlobal acknowledges support from the grant CEX2023-0001290-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. The funders did not influence the study design, data collection and analysis, interpretation, or article drafting.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Helbich M, Browning MHEM, Voets D, Dadvand P. Adherence to the 3+30+300 urban green space rule and mental health, physical activity, and overweight: A population-based study in the Netherlands. Environ Int. 2025 Aug;202:109643. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109643
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109643
• dc.identifier.issn 0160-4120
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/71207
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Elsevier
• dc.relation.ispartof Environ Int. 2025 Aug;202:109643
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/3PE/CEX2023-0001290-S
• dc.rights © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword 3-30-300
• dc.subject.keyword Healthy cities
• dc.subject.keyword Laser scanning
• dc.subject.keyword Nature-based solutions
• dc.subject.keyword Parks
• dc.subject.keyword Trees
• dc.subject.keyword Urban forests
• dc.title Adherence to the 3+30+300 urban green space rule and mental health, physical activity, and overweight: A population-based study in the Netherlands
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion