Spatial analysis of Amazonian Dark Earth formation supports an anthropic origin at the Caldeirão site, Brazil

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• dc.contributor.author de Souza, Jonas Gregorio
• dc.contributor.author Alcaina-Mateos, Jonas
• dc.contributor.author Lancelotti, Carla
• dc.contributor.author Vidal-Torrado, Pablo
• dc.contributor.author Calegari, Marcia R.
• dc.contributor.author Teixeira, Wenceslau Geraldes
• dc.contributor.author Martins, Gilvan
• dc.contributor.author Macedo, Rodrigo Santana
• dc.contributor.author Madella, Marco
• dc.date.accessioned 2025-05-08T06:48:04Z
• dc.date.available 2025-05-08T06:48:04Z
• dc.date.issued 2025
• dc.date.updated 2025-05-08T06:48:04Z
• dc.description.abstract Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are distinct archaeological sites in the Amazon, characterized by their enriched nutrient content in soil layers. While activities related to human occupation are acknowledged as the primary driver of the geochemical properties of ADEs, the intra-site spatial variations in their formation processes, and how they relate to human settlement, are not completely documented. In this study, we employ geostatistical analysis to investigate spatial variations in the geochemical signature and pottery concentration of ADE at the Caldeirão site, Central Amazon, a site that has sparked ongoing debates due to the revival of a natural genesis hypothesis of ADEs. Our findings reveal non-homogeneous spatial distribution of the ADE geochemical signature at the site, suggesting multiple foci of human activity at different temporal stages. Notably, we document the possible emergence of a semi-circular village pattern, prevalent in other Amazonian contexts, gradually transitioning to a more homogeneous ADE cover during the final stage of occupation. This observed pattern, consistent with archaeological and ethnographic evidence, provides compelling evidence for human activity as the primary driver of ADE formation at Caldeirão, laying to rest the hypothesis of a natural origin.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation de Souza JG, Alcaina-Mateos J, Lancelotti C, Vidal-Torrado P, Calegari MR, Teixeira WG, et al. Spatial analysis of Amazonian Dark Earth formation supports an anthropic origin at the Caldeirão site, Brazil. J Archaeol Sci. 2025 Apr;176:106169. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106169
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2025.106169
• dc.identifier.issn 0305-4403
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/70332
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Elsevier
• dc.relation.ispartof Journal of Archaeological Science. 2025 Apr;176:106169
• dc.relation.isreferencedby http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14792966
• dc.rights © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs)
• dc.subject.keyword Amazonian archaeology
• dc.subject.keyword Geochemical signature
• dc.subject.keyword Geostatistical analysis
• dc.subject.keyword Human impact
• dc.title Spatial analysis of Amazonian Dark Earth formation supports an anthropic origin at the Caldeirão site, Brazil
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion