Cities and mental health: the role of the built environment, and environmental and lifestyle factors in Barcelona
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- dc.contributor.author Zijlema, Wilma
- dc.contributor.author Cerin, Ester
- dc.contributor.author Cirach, Marta
- dc.contributor.author Bartoll, Xavier
- dc.contributor.author Borrell i Thió, Carme
- dc.contributor.author Dadvand, Payam
- dc.contributor.author Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.
- dc.date.accessioned 2024-03-25T06:59:02Z
- dc.date.available 2024-03-25T06:59:02Z
- dc.date.issued 2024
- dc.description Includes supplementary materials for the online appendix.
- dc.description.abstract Built environment characteristics and related environmental exposures and behaviors have been, separately, implicated in the development of poor mental health. However, it is unclear how these factors act together in relation to mental health. We studied these factors simultaneously to evaluate the impact of the built environment, and the mediating role of environmental exposures and physical activity, on mental health, while also studying moderation by sex, age, and length of residence. We used a cross-sectional population-based sample of 3145 individuals aged 15–97 years from Barcelona, Spain. Time spent walking and mental health status were assessed with validated questionnaires, administered through a face-to-face interview. We characterized the built environment (e.g., building, population and intersection density and green space), road traffic noise, and ambient air pollution at the residential level using land cover maps, remote sensing, noise maps and land use regression models. Adjusted regression models accounting for spatial clustering were analyzed to study associations between built environment attributes and mental health, and mediation and moderation effects. Density attributes were directly or indirectly, through air pollution and less consistently through walking, associated with poor mental health. Green space indicators were associated with lower prevalence of poor mental health, partly through lower air pollution exposure and more walking. In some cases, these associations differed by sex, age or length of residence. Non-linear associations of density indicators with environmental exposures, and of particulate matter with poor mental health indicated threshold effects. We conclude that living in dense areas with high air pollution concentrations was associated with poor mental health. On the other hand, green areas with lower air pollution concentrations were protective against poor mental health. Greater urban density might benefit health, but might only do so when air pollution concentrations are low.
- dc.description.sponsorship We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023 Program (CEX2018-000806-S), support from the Generalitat through the CERCA program and GoGreenRoutes project through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 869764.
- dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
- dc.identifier.citation Zijlema W, Cerin E, Cirach M, Bartoll X, Borrell C, Dadvand P, et al. Cities and mental health: the role of the built environment, and environmental and lifestyle factors in Barcelona. Environmental Pollution. 2024 Apr;346:123559. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123559
- dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123559
- dc.identifier.issn 0269-7491
- dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/59545
- dc.language.iso eng
- dc.publisher Elsevier
- dc.relation.ispartof Environmental Pollution. 2024 Apr;346:123559
- dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/869764
- dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/2PE/CEX2018-000806-S
- dc.rights © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
- dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
- dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
- dc.subject.keyword Cities
- dc.subject.keyword Built environment
- dc.subject.keyword Air pollution
- dc.subject.keyword Green space
- dc.subject.keyword Physical activity
- dc.subject.keyword Mental health
- dc.title Cities and mental health: the role of the built environment, and environmental and lifestyle factors in Barcelona
- dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
- dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion