Association of environmental noise exposure with cortisol levels in children from eight European birth cohorts

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  • dc.contributor.author Arregi, Ane
  • dc.contributor.author Guxens Junyent, Mònica
  • dc.contributor.author Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.
  • dc.contributor.author Vrijheid, Martine
  • dc.contributor.author Lertxundi, Nerea
  • dc.date.accessioned 2025-06-18T06:37:11Z
  • dc.date.available 2025-06-18T06:37:11Z
  • dc.date.issued 2025
  • dc.description.abstract Environmental noise is a major environmental risk factor for public health. According to the noise reaction model the release of stress hormones like cortisol in response to noise exposure, plays a key role in the development of noise-induced health effects. We aimed to study the association between environmental noise with both acute (UCC) and cumulative (HCC) cortisol levels in children 5-12 years of age. To do so, we analysed data from the HELIX cohort -with spot UCC data- and from the Generation R and INMA cohorts (Gipuzkoa and Sabadell) -with HCC data. The analytical sample involved: 750 HELIX children (mean age = 7.75), 1326 Generation R children (mean age = 6.06), 111 INMA-Sabadell children (mean age = 8.75) and 288 INMA-Gipuzkoa children (mean age = 7.85). Day-evening-night equivalent (Lden) environmental noise exposure during the year of the follow-up was estimated in the addresses of participants, using existing noise maps. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) were used to identify appropriate covariates and reduce the chance for biased estimation. We used mixed-effects modelling and linear modelling to examine the association between Lden and cortisol concentration using complete case analyses. None of the models reached the statistical significance. We observed no correlation between HCC and UCC in INMA-Sabadell participants, for whom both urinary and hair cortisol data were available. Future research should prioritize investigating the effects of environmental noise on HCC, as it may serve as a more reliable indicator for assessing associations with chronic exposures. Additionally, future studies on noise-induced health effects in children should incorporate other biomarkers of stress and chronic inflammation to provide a more comprehensive understanding of these associations.
  • dc.description.sponsorship The study was supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007–2013] under grant agreement no. 308333 [the HELIX project], and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016; EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583; LongITools, grant agreement No 874739). Cortisol and related Glucocorticosteroids were measured within the HELIX cohorts as part of the UK Research and Innovation METAGE project (Grant ref: MR/S03532X/1). We further acknowledge funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS-PI06/0867, FIS-PI09/00090, FIS464,445PI13/02187, FIS-PI18/01142 include FEDER funds, Red INMA G03/176; CB06/02/0041; PI041436; PI081151 incl. FEDER funds; PI12/01890 incl. FEDER funds; CP13/00054 incl. FEDER funds, CPII18/00018), CIBERESP, Department of Health of the BasqueGovernment (2005111093, 2009111069, 2013111089 and 2015111065), and the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG06/002, DFG08/001, DFG15/221 and DFG89/17), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Generalitat de Catalunya-AGAUR (2009 SGR 501, 2014 SGR 822), Fundació La marató de TV3 (090430), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-32991 incl. FEDER funds), Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de l’Alimentation de l’Environnement et du Travail (1262C0010), EU Commission (261357, 308333, 603794 and 634453). We acknowledge support from the grant CEX2023-0001290-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. The general design of the Generation R Study is made possible by financial support from the Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport and Ministry of Youth and Families. VJ received funding from a Consolidator Grant from the European Research Council (ERC-2014-CoG-648916). The study sponsors had no role in the study design, data analysis, interpretation of data, or writing of this report. BiB receives funding from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and UK Economic and Social Science Research Council (ESRC) (MR/N024391/1); the British Heart Foundation (CS/16/4/32482); a Wellcome Infrastructure Grant (WT101597MA); the National Institute for Health Research under its Applied Research Collaboration for Yorkshire and Humber (NIHR200166). The National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network provided research delivery support for this study. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care. The EDEN study was supported by Foundation for medical research (FRM), National Agency for Research (ANR), National Institute for Research in Public health (IRESP: TGIR cohorte santé 2008 program), French Ministry of Health (DRG), French Ministry of Research, INSERM Bone and Joint Diseases National Research (PRO-A), and Human Nutrition National Research Programs, Paris-Sud University, Nestlé, French National Institute for Population Health Surveillance (InVS), French National Institute for Health Education (INPES), the European Union FP7 programmes (FP7/2007–2013, HELIX, ESCAPE, ENRIECO, Medall projects), Diabetes National Research Program (through a collaboration with the French Association of Diabetic Patients (AFD)), French Agency for Environmental Health Safety (now ANSES), Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale a complementary health insurance (MGEN), French national agency for food security, French-speaking association for the study of diabetes and metabolism (ALFEDIAM). The “Rhea” project was financially supported by European projects (EU FP6–2003-Food-3-NewGeneris, EU FP6. STREP Hiwate, EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2. Project No 211250 Escape, EU FP7–2008-ENV-1.2.1.4 Envirogenomarkers, EU FP7-HEALTH-2009-single stage CHICOS, EU FP7 ENV.2008.1.2.1.6. Proposal No 226285 ENRIECO, EU-FP7-HEALTH-2012 Proposal No 308333 HELIX, ATHLETE) and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of obesity and neurodevelopmental disorders in preschool children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011–2014; “Rhea Plus”: Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012–2015). The funding bodies have not affected in any way the study and the presented results. KANC was funded by the grant of the Lithuanian Agency for Science Innovation and Technology (6-04-2014_31V-66). The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research.
  • dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
  • dc.identifier.citation Arregi A, Robinson O, Aasvang GM, Andrusaityte S, Dedele A, Evandt J, et al. Association of environmental noise exposure with cortisol levels in children from eight European birth cohorts. Environ Res. 2025 Jul 15;277:121541. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121541
  • dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.121541
  • dc.identifier.issn 0013-9351
  • dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/70713
  • dc.language.iso eng
  • dc.publisher Elsevier
  • dc.relation.ispartof Environ Res. 2025 Jul 15;277:121541
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/733206
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/824989
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/874583
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/874739
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/261357
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/603794
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/634453
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/648916
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/211250
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/226285
  • dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/3PN/SAF2012-32991
  • dc.rights © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
  • dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
  • dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  • dc.subject.keyword ATHLETE project
  • dc.subject.keyword Children
  • dc.subject.keyword Environmental noise
  • dc.subject.keyword Hair cortisol concentration
  • dc.subject.keyword Urine cortisol concentration
  • dc.title Association of environmental noise exposure with cortisol levels in children from eight European birth cohorts
  • dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
  • dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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