Assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in multiple microenvironments across ten European countries with a focus on 5G

Fernandes Veludo, Adriana; Stamets, Matthew; Llobet, Patricia de; Castaño Vinyals, Gemma; Guxens Junyent, Mònica; Röösli, Martin

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109540

Assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in multiple microenvironments across ten European countries with a focus on 5G

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Veludo AF, Stroobandt B, Van Bladel H, Sandoval-Diez N, Deprez K, Aerts S, et al. Assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in multiple microenvironments across ten European countries with a focus on 5G. Environ Int. 2025 Jun;200:109540. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109540

Abstract

To evaluate the implementation of 5G in Europe, we have systematically measured environmental, auto-induced downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure in more than 800 microenvironments in ten European countries. Outdoor, indoor, and public transport microenvironments were measured in two cities and three villages in each country. Exposure was measured during three mobile-phone user scenarios: flight mode (non-user), inducing maximum DL traffic (max DL) or maximum UL traffic (max UL). The mobile phone was carried in a backpack, placed 30 cm from an ExpoM-RF 4 that continuously measured 35 frequency bands (87.5 MHz-6 GHz). For each user scenario, mean exposure levels were calculated. In the non-user scenario, mean exposure levels ranged from 0.33 to 1.72 mW/m2 per country and were lower in Switzerland, Belgium and Italy. RF-EMF levels were, on average, 80 % lower in villages compared to cities, with DL bands contributing the most in this scenario. During max DL, exposure increased mainly due to the 5G band at 3.5 GHz (mean exposure per country 2.61-11.12 mW/m2). However, the time-division nature of this band prevents distinguishing between DL and UL signals with the ExpoM-RF4. Exposure levels were the highest during max UL, particularly in the Netherlands, Italy and Belgium, with 50 % of the mean levels per country above 16 mW/m2. Exposure was, on average, 35 % higher in villages compared to cities. Environmental exposure levels were below international guideline values. Countries with precautionary limits had lower environmental exposure levels but higher auto-induced uplink exposure during data upload.