Firefighting, other protective service occupations and prostate cancer risk: a pooled analysis of three case-control studies

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• dc.contributor.author Bijoux, Wendy
• dc.contributor.author Parent, Marie-Elise
• dc.contributor.author Richard, Hugues
• dc.contributor.author Castaño Vinyals, Gemma
• dc.contributor.author Pollán, Marina
• dc.contributor.author Kogevinas, Manolis
• dc.contributor.author Straif, Kurt
• dc.contributor.author Menegaux, Florence
• dc.date.accessioned 2025-07-31T07:20:08Z
• dc.date.available 2025-07-31T07:20:08Z
• dc.date.issued 2025
• dc.description.abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent incident cancer among males in industrialized countries, but little is known about its aetiology. A role for occupational exposures is suggested. Occupational exposure as a firefighter, a protective service occupation (PSO), is classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with limited evidence in humans for PCa. We studied the association between PSO and PCa risk considering tumour aggressiveness and screening practices. Methods: The EPIdemiological study of Prostate Cancer (EPICAP), the Prostate cancer & Environment Study (PROtEuS) and the MultiCase-Control study in common tumours in Spain (MCC-Spain) are population-based case-control studies, conducted respectively in France, Canada, Spain, in 2005–2014 in men ≤ 85 years old, including overall 3,859 incident cases and 4,359 controls frequency-matched on age. Participants were interviewed face-to-face using general and occupational questionnaires covering all jobs held in career, coded according to the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations. Unconditional logistic regressions estimated associations between PSO and PCa, after adjusting for potential confounders. Two sets of analyses were conducted, without and with consideration of screening. The latter is believed to yield the main findings since less subject to detection bias. Results: When restricting controls to those recently screened, men employed as firefighters ≥ 10 years had increased risk (OR (Odds ratio) = 2.01 [95% confidence interval] [1.02; 3.97]) of non-aggressive PCa. Positive associations for non-aggressive PCa among men employed < 10 years as police officers (OR = 2.53 [1.07; 5.96]) and police inspectors and detectives (OR = 6.75 [1.47; 30.96]) were observed. Very few cases in PSO were characterized by aggressive tumours. Conclusions: Findings from this large population-based study corroborate the higher PCa risk previously reported among firefighters, but only for non-aggressive tumours. Screening practices had a substantial impact on risk estimates. Future studies should investigate specific exposures, and account for PCa aggressiveness and individual screening patterns.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Bijoux W, Parent MÉ, Richard H, Castaño-Vinyals G, Pollán M, Kogevinas M, et al. Firefighting, other protective service occupations and prostate cancer risk: a pooled analysis of three case-control studies. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2025 Jun 10;20(1):20. DOI: 10.1186/s12995-025-00464-7
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12995-025-00464-7
• dc.identifier.issn 1745-6673
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/71044
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher BioMed Central
• dc.relation.ispartof J Occup Med Toxicol. 2025 Jun 10;20(1):20
• dc.rights © The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Armed forces
• dc.subject.keyword Firefighters
• dc.subject.keyword Police officers
• dc.subject.keyword Pooled study
• dc.subject.keyword Prostate cancer aggressiveness
• dc.title Firefighting, other protective service occupations and prostate cancer risk: a pooled analysis of three case-control studies
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion