The genetic demographic history of the last hunter-gatherer population of the Himalayas

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• dc.contributor.author Derkx, Inez
• dc.contributor.author Ceballos, Francisco
• dc.contributor.author Biagini, Simone Andrea, 1983-
• dc.contributor.author Subedi, Sudarshan
• dc.contributor.author Rajbhandari, Prajwal
• dc.contributor.author Gyawali, Anita
• dc.contributor.author Bosch Fusté, Elena
• dc.contributor.author Vinicius, Lucio
• dc.contributor.author Migliano, Andrea Bamberg
• dc.date.accessioned 2025-02-24T07:18:19Z
• dc.date.available 2025-02-24T07:18:19Z
• dc.date.issued 2025
• dc.description.abstract Nepal, largely covered by the Himalayan mountains, hosts indigenous populations with distinct linguistic, cultural, and genetic characteristics. Among these populations, the Raute, Nepal's last nomadic hunter-gatherers, offer a unique insight into the genetic and demographic history of Himalayan foragers. Despite strong cultural connections to other regional foragers, the genetic history of this population remains understudied. This study presents newly genotyped genome-wide SNP data of the Raute to explore their genetic isolation, their origins and potential as an older foraging lineage, and their genetic connections to other regional foragers. Our results show that high levels of inbreeding in the Raute indicate recent genetic isolation. Effective population size estimates suggest a dramatic population decline around 50 generations ago. Strong genetic similarity to Nepalese populations of various subsistence styles highlights a dynamic history of genetic interactions prior to isolation, with particular closeness to historical foragers like the Kusunda and Tharu, but excludes an ancient foraging lineage origin. The study underscores the complexity of human population dynamics in the Himalayas, suggesting a history of extensive interaction between foragers and farmers, followed by isolation and demographic decline among the Raute.
• dc.description.sponsorship ABM received funding by a SERI-funded ERC Consolidator Grant (“COLLABORO” Grant MB22.00059 SERI-Uni ZH). ID was funded by the Schultz Foundation (A. H. Schultz-Stiftung zur Förderung primatologischer Forschung am anthropologischen Institut der Universität Zürich), Switzerland; the Graduate Campus, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and the Leakey Foundation. EB is supported by PID2023-147621NB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. We also want to deeply thank the whole Raute community for their participation in this research, the Karnali provincial government of Nepal for their involvement in our research, Lal Bahadur Chetri for his support throughout the entire data collection process, and all other individuals who shared their thoughts in the many discussions around our findings.
• dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
• dc.identifier.citation Derkx I, Ceballos F, Biagini SA, Subedi S, Rajbhandari P, Gyawali A, et al. The genetic demographic history of the last hunter-gatherer population of the Himalayas. Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 9;15(1):1505. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-80156-0
• dc.identifier.doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80156-0
• dc.identifier.issn 2045-2322
• dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10230/69683
• dc.language.iso eng
• dc.publisher Nature Research
• dc.relation.ispartof Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 9;15(1):1505
• dc.relation.projectID info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/3PE/PID2023-147621NB-I00
• dc.rights © The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
• dc.rights.accessRights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
• dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
• dc.subject.keyword Hunter-gatherers
• dc.subject.keyword Nepal
• dc.subject.keyword Population genetics
• dc.subject.keyword Raute
• dc.subject.keyword Runs of homozygosity
• dc.title The genetic demographic history of the last hunter-gatherer population of the Himalayas
• dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
• dc.type.version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion