Code-switching and identity in digital China: language ideologies in mandarin–cantonese wechat communication

Abstract

This study explores how digital code choice and code-switching between Mandarin and Cantonese shape identity construction, interactional strategies, and ideological positioning in WeChat group communication. Using a mixed-methods approach, the analysis draws on 370 chat messages (3,568 characters) and 74 questionnaire responses collected from two Cantonese-speaking groups. The results show that Mandarin is dominant, especially in formal or task-oriented exchanges, while Cantonese serves key social and emotional functions. Code-switching often signals shifts in tone, intimacy, or social stance. Users adapt code use according to group type, topic, and interpersonal relationships, balancing clarity with relational goals. The study also reveals ideological perceptions that associate Mandarin with rationality and standardization, while Cantonese expresses warmth and regional identity. These findings highlight how users navigate digital contexts by managing symbolic code values, contributing to broader understandings of multilingual interaction online.