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Youth street groups and social media: case study about the Latin Kings
(2023-07-31) Fernández Planells, Ariadna, 1983-; Orduña-Malea, Enrique; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
This is the last report of the project “Virtual ethnography with Latin Kings”, aimed to analyze the presence of this street group on the social media. Our first report provided a background study about how youth street groups are studied online by the scientific community. Our second deliverable consisted of raw data gathered from social media. This last deliverable updates the data previously collected and carries out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data. The main objectives are as follows: first, to detect the social media presence of Latin King members; second, to better understand how Latin Kings use the social media under study; third, to determine how Latin Kings members interact within these social media; and fourth, to ascertain what are the main elements that describe the cultural construction of the Latin Kings through their representations, self-representations and practices on social media. Thus, the study presented here provides an overview of the presence and content generation of the Latin Kings street group in the virtual sphere. In contrast to previous ethnographies with this community, the current approach comes from the knowledge of traditional ethnography that had been done previously by other authors and the principal investigator of the TRANSGANG ERC project in order to add a new layer corresponding to the online realm. A virtual ethnography has been undertaken mixing quantitative and qualitative methods that include social network analysis, computational social science, content analysis and informetrics. This report provides a better understanding of the Latin King community by analyzing social media content in which they actively decided to be involved, in contrast to traditional media content portrayals. Our first approach to the study of youth street groups online offers a system and method of analysis that allows us to find identity traces and communicative trends among the Latin King community in Youtube. Although the procedure can be refined and extended to other contexts (countries and social media platforms), we believe that it points in the right direction to a non-criminalized approach to the study of youth street groups online and that we have faced some of the challenges previously detected. The findings obtained should be of interest to gang scholars and contribute to furthering knowledge in the research area.
Grupos juveniles de calle y mediación en las Américas: hallazgos etnográficos
(2023-07-31) Feixa, Carles, 1962-; Márquez, Fulvia; Chévez, Candy; Lavielle, Ligia; Ross, William
The volume compiles the main ethnographic results of the TRANSGANG project in the four cities studied in the Americas: the central case (Medellín, Colombia) and the three contrast cases (San Salvador, Santiago de Cuba and Chicago). For each of the four cases, the same parameters are followed: it begins by analyzing the historical and geographical context; then the methodology used and the ethical aspects are exposed; in the central part, the street youth groups investigated are presented (ranging from the classic model of criminal gang to youth cultures, passing through hybrid modalities) and the analytical results are presented (based on the five clusters used in the project: organization, identifications, practices, relations, and imaginaries); finally, the mediation experiences identified are presented and the conclusions of the project are presented. emerging. Despite the great differences in the economic and political context, and the type of street youth groups present in each city, the four investigations show many points in common, such as the successful mediation experience, which uses art and activism that emerges from the groups themselves as an effective and sustainable conflict resolution strategy
Percepción social sobre las bandas juveniles: resultados de una encuesta
(2023-07-28) Guiteras, Xavier; Moraño, Xavier; Sánchez García, José; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
El informe es un análisis descriptivo de los resultados de una encuesta multipaís, que tiene como objetivo conocer cuál es la percepción que tiene la sociedad acerca de las bandas juveniles. La encuesta, llevada a cabo entre finales de 2021 y principios de 2022, pretende comparar las visiones que hay acerca de las bandas en distintas áreas metropolitanas y países de alrededor del globo. Las muestras seleccionadas para cada uno de los territorios de análisis han seguido criterios de representatividad según género, edad y nivel socioeconómico. El sondeo online se ha llevado a cabo en cinco ciudades y dos países donde esta problemática es relevante: las tres ciudades de España donde la presencia de estos grupos es más importante (Barcelona, Madrid y Valencia); una ciudad (Medellín) y dos países (Ecuador y El Salvador) de América Latina; y una ciudad del Magreb (Casablanca). En todos estos lugares se ha llevado a cabo investigación etnográfica en el marco de los proyectos TRANSGANG y LEBAN.
Social perception of youth street groups: survey results
(2023-07-28) Guiteras, Xavier; Moraño, Xavier; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
The report is a descriptive analysis of the results of a multi-country survey, which aims to know what is the perception that society has about youth gangs. The survey, conducted between late 2021 and early 2022, aims to compare views of bands in different metropolitan areas and countries around the globe. The samples selected for each of the analysis territories have followed criteria of representativeness according to gender, age and socioeconomic level. The survey has been carried out in five cities and two countries where this problem is relevant: the three cities in Spain where the presence of these groups is most important (Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia); one city (Medellín) and two countries (Ecuador and El Salvador) in Latin America; and a city in the Maghreb (Casablanca). In these places ethnographic research has been carried out within the framework of the TRANSGANG and LEBAN projects.
Documentary films: representing youth street groups through visual ethnography
(2023-07-28) Mecca, Margot; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
The report presents the main challenges and results encountered in the production process of the three films of the TRANSGANG project1 . First, the challenges of producing in a university environment are analyzed, pointing out the problems and solutions encountered during the process. Subsequently, the production process of each of the films promoted within the framework of the project is described in detail: "Monte Tropic" by Andrés Duque; "Instructions for when I'm not there" by Luckas Perro and Yira Plaza O'Byrne; "Al-Houma Dreams" by Boris Svartzmann. Finally, the main starting points of the project are taken up again to make a final balance of the experience and to identify the main contributions of the project to the question of the relationship between academic anthropological research and cinema.
Youth street groups and media representations
(2023) Masanet, Maria-Jose; Carnicé Mur, Marga; Fedele, Maddalena; Iñigo, Anna; López González, Hibai, 1983-; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
This document contains the final report of the study ‘Media Representations and Street Youth Groups. Analysis of fiction and non-fiction products’, derived from the research agreement between the Universitat de Barcelona and the TRANSGANG project titled ‘From stigma and stereotype to reaffirmation and resistance. Street youth groups, media and representations’. The document is organised into 6 sections, in accordance with the general objectives established in the research plan: 1) Introduction; 2) Theoretical Background; 3) Objectives; 4) Method; 5) Preliminary Findings; and 6) Conclusions. Throughout these sections we present the focus and objectives of the research conducted, placing particular emphasis on the research methods designed to explore the representations of street youth groups in fiction and non-fiction products. Lastly, in section 5 we present the preliminary findings derived from the research.
Youth street groups and mediation in Northern Africa: ethnographic findings
(2023) Sánchez García, José; Touhtou, Rachid; Boucherf, Kamel; Omrane, Mustapha; Najjar, Sihem; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
The main objective of this report is to present the results of the field work carried out in the North African region within the framework of the TRANSGANG project. The main findings from the analysis of data obtained in the different locations are presented. The different field works began in September 2019 and extended continued until December 2021 due to the sudden appearance of the pandemic caused by COVID-19. Field research was carried out in Salé, Algiers, Djendel, Djerfa, and Tunis, and different ethnographic techniques such as direct and participant observation, focus groups, in-depth interviews and life stories were applied. The protagonists are young members of different street youth groups that exist within a context of profound sociopolitical transformations. The actions of the different members of these groups are framed in different social fields: the street, the parallel economic sphere, and alternative spaces for artistic expression. These different social fields represent spaces of cultural, political and economic “resistance.” As a last goal, it is intended to capture the specificity of each space of resistance and identify the common characteristics of the action of youth street groups.
Youth street groups and mediation in Southern Europe: ethnographic findings
(2023) Bereményi, Bálint Ábel; Ballesté, Eduard, 1988-; Grassi, Paolo; Mansilla, Juan Camilo; Oliver, María; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
This report includes the ethnographic accounts from the South European region of the TRANSGANG project. Following the initial project design, the somewhat broader core case of Barcelona has been enriched through the contrast cases of Madrid, Milan and Marseille. The project follows the distinction between “major transnationalism” (or transnationalism from above) and minor transnationalism (or transnationalism from below). Centring on youth street groups, migration practices, “gang culture transfer” and similar elaborations of resistance and resilience practices to structural and institutional violence are clear examples of those transnational connections from below. The international exchange of imaginaries, problem definitions or framing, policies targeting youth street groups, or the institutional answers given to the identified problems are illustrations of transnationalism from above. The project in Southern Europe reflects on the changing shape of the concept of gang traditionally charged with stereotypical meanings, opting for the more inclusive and less poisoned term of “youth street group”. Certainly, our comparative accounts show how changing institutional, socioeconomic and political settings have reshaped young people’s daily socialisation practices, identification norms and, as a consequence, the very ways group memberships are elaborated, borders are redefined, and inter-group and intra-group relationships are forged to create subjectivities. In the light of this complexity “youth street group” results a more inclusive concept to be used.
Researching Youth Street Groups in the Americas: Gangs, pandillas, maras, bandas.
(2023-01-26) Feixa, Carles, 1962-; Ross, William; Lavielle, Ligia; Chévez, Candy; Márquez, Fulvia
Investigando grupos juveniles de calle en las Américas: gangas, pandillas, maras, bandas
(2022-09-14) Feixa, Carles, 1962-; Ross, William; Lavielle, Ligia; Chévez, Candy; Márquez, Fulvia
Entre el hogra y el karama: jóvenes fronterizos y procesos migratorios: informe sobre la vulneración de derechos de menores y jóvenes en proceso migratorios 2021-2022
(2022-05-16) Sánchez García, José; Premat Katz, Celia; Hansen, Nele; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
Researching youth street groups in Southern Europe
(2022-02-10) Queirolo Palmas, Luca; Ballesté, Eduard, 1988-; Grassi, Paolo; Mansilla, Juan Camilo; Oliver, María; Núñez, Katia; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
This Background Paper of the TRANSGANG Working Papers reveals the multiple facets of youth street groups of four European cities: Milan, Marseille, Madrid and Barcelona. The authors show how in the guts of these cities different institutional, associative and informal agents have contributed to forging a space where migration, youth, class, order and social disorder are connected. In its pages, focused on the input that distinguishes the Transgang project, to think of these youthful subjects, placed on the fringes of legitimate citizenship, as authors, and not just actors of an already written story, exploring the border places where conflicts are constructed and relationship frictions, mediations and social changes are present. This is both at a horizontal level, among young people, groups and peers, and also at a vertical level, with the world of institutions and their policy interventions. In other words, it is about exploring how juvenile "spoken" subjects speak in the first person using another language and other spaces.
Procesos de legalización e ilegalización de agrupaciones juveniles de calle en España, Ecuador y El Salvador
(2022-02-02) Feixa, Carles, 1962-; Aramayona Quintana, Begoña; Ballesté, Eduard, 1988-; Páez de la Torre, Sonia; Andrade, César, 1976-; Botija, Mercedes; Brisley, Adam; Calvo, Raúl; Carbonel, Ángela; Chévez, Cándida; Fernández Planells, Ariadna, 1983-; Fuentes, Elizabeth; Grad, Héctor; Hansen, Nele; Martínez, Alberto; Mecca, Margot; Navarro, José Javier; Núnez, Katia; Oliver, María; Premat Katz, Celia; Puig, Sabina; Sánchez García, José; Sanmartín, Anna; Soler-i-Martí, Roger; Torres, Manuel; Tudela, Patricia; Úbeda, Miquel; Unda Lara, René
LEBAN tiene como objetivo evaluar el resultado de los procesos de constitución de asociaciones e intentos de tregua con agrupaciones juveniles de calle en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI, analizando qué funcionó y qué falló. Se centra en el caso español, con estudios en profundidad de los tres territorios donde las pandillas tienen mayor presencia: Cataluña, Madrid y Comunidad Valenciana. Dicho estudio se comparará con el caso ecuatoriano, donde la constitución de asociaciones contó con el apoyo del gobierno, y con el caso salvadoreño, donde la “tregua” con las maras tuvo éxito a corto plazo, pero acabó fracasando. Cuatro retos organizan los workpackages del proyecto: realizar un análisis macro de las percepciones sociales en torno a las bandas, a partir de Big Data, análisis de redes sociales y estadísticas oficiales; hacer un análisis meso de las políticas públicas y de las sentencias judiciales; a nivel micro, analizar los procesos de legalización evaluando los puntos fuertes y débiles de tales procesos, vinculado a un repertorio de buenas prácticas en el ámbito local y global, incidiendo en políticas públicas preventivas y experiencias de justicia restaurativa. Además de un análisis retrospectivo de los últimos 15 años, el proyecto propone una mirada al futuro próximo, planteando cuales son las políticas más efectivas para prevenir la deriva criminal de las bandas. El presente documento recoge las presentaciones y debates del LEBAN Training Webinar, que tuvo lugar durante el mes de mayo de 2021, en tres sesiones dedicadas respectivamente a España, El Salvador y Ecuador, en las que participaron la mayoría de los miembros del proyecto.
Beyond marginalization: youth street groups in Northern Africa
(Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021) Sánchez García, José; Boucherf, Kamal; Omrane, Mustapha; Najar, Sihem; Touhtouh, Rachid; Feixa, Carles, 1962-
Manual metodológico: etnografía y análisis de datos
(Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020) Feixa, Carles, 1962-; Sánchez García, José; Soler-i-Martí, Roger; Ballesté, Eduard, 1988-; Hansen, Nele; Brisley, Adam
Este documento comparte la perspectiva metodológica sobre etnografía y análisis de datos del proyecto TRANSGANG. El objetivo es proporcionar a los equipos de investigación locales una guía sobre la perspectiva etnográfica a implementar, las herramientas a usar y la estrategia de análisis de datos, y la manera de aplicarla utilizando el software NVivo; y algunas referencias finales para sustentar estas perspectivas. El objetivo del proyecto TRANSGANG es una investigación comparativa basada en una etapa de análisis local y dos etapas de análisis secundario de los datos recopilados de acuerdo con el enfoque metodológico. Este análisis en tres niveles combinará los resultados en una imagen única y transnacional de los grupos de jóvenes de calle sin perder las particularidades culturales de las diferentes localizaciones. Los casos centrales (core cases) y de contraste (contrast case) utilizan una misma combinación de técnicas cualitativas (nuestras herramientas) como entrevistas narrativas, grupos focales, historias de vida y observación participante, pero es necesario trabajar con categorías de análisis similares en cada país.
La (Trans) banda: notas y cuestiones para la investigación con grupos juveniles de calle
(Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019) Feixa, Carles, 1962-; Sánchez-García, José; Ballesté, Eduard, 1988-; Cano, Ana Belén; Masanet, Maria-Jose; Mecca, Margot; Oliver, Maria
This text presents the key concepts of the TRANSGANG project, displayed as answers to seven research questions: what, when, who, why, where, how and what for. It starts by defining the conceptual triangle that the title frames: Transnational Gangs as agents of Mediation (What). The central chapters point out the historical context: Neoliberal States (When); the central subjects of study: Gangs (Who); the proactive approach: Mediation (Why); the border spaces to be investigated in the three regions: the Americas, North Africa and Southern Europe (Where); and the methodological perspective adopted (How). The final conclusive chapter explores the expected impact of the research, from resistance to resilience through empowerment (What For). The text includes a complete literature, ordered by topics and regions, and a specific Glossary.
Las Pandillas transnacionales como agentes de mediación: experiencias de resolución de conflictos en organizaciones juveniles callejeras en el sur de Europa, el norte de África y las Américas
(Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019) Feixa, Carles, 1962-
TRANSGANG tiene como objetivo desarrollar un modelo renovado para el análisis de las pandillas juveniles transnacionales en la era global, en diálogo con dos clásicos de la etnografía urbana, publicados hace casi un siglo: The Gang, de F.M. Thrasher (1926) y Street Corner Society, de W.F. Whyte (1943). Para ello, el proyecto comenzará con una revisión sistemática de la literatura histórica sobre las pandillas juveniles, que tratará de superar el norteamericano-centrismo dominante en la criminología. La fase central de la investigación consistirá en una etnografía multisituada que explorará aquellas experiencias en las que las bandas han actuado como agentes de mediación, así como las barreras que han bloqueado estos intentos. El proyecto comparará organizaciones juveniles de la calle de dos comunidades transnacionales -Latinos y Árabes-, tanto en sus países de origen como en situaciones diaspóricas. Se iniciará realizando tres estudios de caso de "buenas prácticas" en Barcelona, Medellín y Casablanca, que se estudiarán en profundidad, contrastados con otros casos en los que se han establecido otro tipo de políticas: Madrid, Marsella y Milán en el sur de Europa; Alger, Orán y Túnez en el norte de África; Chicago, Santiago de Cuba y San Salvador en las Américas. Usando un enfoque experimental basado en el "método de caso extendido", recopilará experiencias para la realización de una película que recoja la experiencia de miembros o ex miembros de pandillas que han participado en experiencias de mediación. El objetivo final del proyecto es desarrollar un enfoque transnacional, intergeneracional, intergenérico y transmediático renovado para investigar las bandas del siglo XXI, muy diferente del modelo local, coetáneo, masculino y cara a cara utilizado para comprender las pandillas en el siglo XX. Aunque el enfoque del proyecto es teórico, tiene un objetivo aplicado: proponer formas más efectivas de intervención para evitar la hegemonía del modelo criminológico punitivo, que aparece como dominante en la era neoliberal.
Methodology handbook: ethnography and data analysis
(Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020) Feixa, Carles, 1962-; Sánchez García, José; Soler-i-Martí, Roger; Ballesté, Eduard, 1988-; Hansen, Nele; Brisley, Adam
This document is sharing the methodological perspective on ethnography and data analysis of the TRANSGANG project. The aim is to provide to the local research teams a guide about ethnographic perspectives, tools and data analyses strategy, to be able to apply using NVivo software, and some references to ensure these perspectives. The objective of the TRANSGANG project is a comparative investigation based on one stage of local analysis and two stages of secondary analysis of the data collected according to the methodological approach. These three-level analyses will combine the results in a unique and transnational picture of street youth groups without losing the cultural particularities of the different places. The central and contrast cases involve a combination of qualitative techniques (our tools) such as narrative interviews, focus groups, life stories and participant observation, but it is necessary to work with similar analysis categories in each country.
The (Trans) gang: notes and queries on youth street group research
(Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019) Feixa, Carles, 1962-; Sánchez-García, José; Ballesté, Eduard, 1988-; Cano, Ana Belén; Masanet, Maria-Jose; Mecca, Margot; Oliver, Maria
This text presents the key concepts of the TRANSGANG project, displayed as answers to seven research questions: what, when, who, why, where, how and what for. It starts by defining the conceptual triangle that the title frames: Transnational Gangs as agents of Mediation (What). The central chapters point out the historical context: Neoliberal States (When); the central subjects of study: Gangs (Who); the proactive approach: Mediation (Why); the border spaces to be investigated in the three regions: the Americas, North Africa and Southern Europe (Where); and the methodological perspective adopted (How). The final conclusive chapter explores the expected impact of the research, from resistance to resilience through empowerment (What For). The text includes a complete literature, ordered by topics and regions, and a specific Glossary.
Legal considerations concerning youth street groups in TRANSGANG regions
(Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019) Sánchez García, José; García Berrio, Andrés; Brisley, Adam; Masanet, Maria-Jose; Grassi, Paolo; Mansilla, Juan Camilo; Márquez, Fulvia; Lavielle, Ligia; Chévez, Candy; Touhtouh, Rachid; Najjar, Sihem; Larbi, Beladici; Feixa, Carles, 1962-

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