Hermosilla-Albala, NúriaCuadros Espinoza, SebastiánFontseré Alemany, Clàudia, 1992-Valenzuela Seba, AlejandroPawar, HarvinderRuibal Puertas, SandraAlentorn Moron, PolFaella, ArmidaLizano González, Esther, 1974-Kuderna, Lukas, 1989-Marquès i Bonet, Tomàs, 1975-Boubli, Jean P.2024-11-142024-11-142024Hermosilla-Albala N, Silva FE, Cuadros-Espinoza S, Fontsere C, Valenzuela-Seba A, Pawar H, et al. Whole genomes of Amazonian uakari monkeys reveal complex connectivity and fast differentiation driven by high environmental dynamism. Commun Biol. 2024 Oct 8;7(1):1283. DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06901-32399-3642http://hdl.handle.net/10230/68524Despite showing the greatest primate diversity on the planet, genomic studies on Amazonian primates show very little representation in the literature. With 48 geolocalized high coverage whole genomes from wild uakari monkeys, we present the first population-level study on platyrrhines using whole genome data. In a very restricted range of the Amazon rainforest, eight uakari species (Cacajao genus) have been described and categorized into the bald and black uakari groups, based on phenotypic and ecological differences. Despite a slight habitat overlap, we show that posterior to their split 0.92 Mya, bald and black uakaris have remained independent, without gene flow. Nowadays, these two groups present distinct genetic diversity and group-specific variation linked to pathogens. We propose differing hydrology patterns and effectiveness of geographic barriers have modulated the intra-group connectivity and structure of bald and black uakari populations. With this work we have explored the effects of the Amazon rainforest's dynamism on wild primates' genetics and increased the representation of platyrrhine genomes, thus opening the door to future research on the complexity and diversity of primate genomics.application/pdfeng© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:/info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06901-3BiogeographyEcological geneticsEvolutionary biologyEvolutionary geneticsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess