Pérez Enríquez, CarmenGarcía Escobar, GretaFlorido-Santiago, MercedesPiqué-Candini, JoanaArrondo-Elizarána, CarlotaGrau-Guinea, LorenaPereira-Cutiño, BeatrizManero, Rosa MaríaPuig-Pijoan, AlbertPeña Casanova, JordiSánchez Benavides, Gonzalo2024-05-092024-05-092021Pérez-Enríquez C, García-Escobar G, Florido-Santiago M, Piqué-Candini J, Arrondo-Elizarán C, Grau-Guinea L, et al. Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2024;39:235-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.05.0142173-5808http://hdl.handle.net/10230/60083Article disponible en castellà: http://hdl.handle.net/10230/53669Objective: The present study aims to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Modified Taylor Complex Figure (MTCF), and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. Methods: We recruited 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores, as well as adjustments for education and sex after applying independent regression models in 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). Results: Older age had a negative effect on performance in both age groups. We observed a positive effect of education on WCST performance in the younger group (< 50 years), and on all MTCF measures (with the exception of the recognition task) in the older group (≥ 50 years). Education had no impact on performance in the RULIT, although sex did, with a small but significant effect whereby young men showed higher performance for one variable. Conclusion: The normative data provided can contribute to the clinical interpretation of performance in these tests in the Spanish population.application/pdfeng© 2023 Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Española de Neurología. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.05.014Norms/normative studiesLearning and memoryExecutive functionsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess