Martin, LauraNeguembor, Maria VictoriaCosma, Maria Pia, 1970-2023-06-162023-06-162023Martin L, Neguembor MV, Cosma MP. Women's contribution in understanding how topoisomerases, supercoiling, and transcription control genome organization. Front Mol Biosci. 2023 Mar 27;10:1155825. DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.11558252296-889Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/57185One of the biggest paradoxes in biology is that human genome is roughly 2 m long, while the nucleus containing it is almost one million times smaller. To fit into the nucleus, DNA twists, bends and folds into several hierarchical levels of compaction. Still, DNA has to maintain a high degree of accessibility to be readily replicated and transcribed by proteins. How compaction and accessibility co-exist functionally in human cells is still a matter of debate. Here, we discuss how the torsional stress of the DNA helix acts as a buffer, regulating both chromatin compaction and accessibility. We will focus on chromatin supercoiling and on the emerging role of topoisomerases as pivotal regulators of genome organization. We will mainly highlight the major breakthrough studies led by women, with the intention of celebrating the work of this group that remains a minority within the scientific community.application/pdfeng© 2023 Martin, Neguembor and Cosma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1155825Genome organizationSupercoilingTopoisomerasesTranscriptionWomeninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess