Carbonell-Nicolau, OriolLlavador, Humberto2021-12-152021-12-152021Carbonell-Nicolau O, Llavador H. Inequality, bipolarization, and tax progressivity. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 2021 Nov;13(4):492-513. DOI: 10.1257/mic.201901111945-7669http://hdl.handle.net/10230/49217The steady rise in income and wealth inequality in the last four decades, together with the evolution of a vanishing middle class, has raised concerns about potentially pernicious effects of these trends on social stability and economic growth. This paper evaluates the possibility of designing tax systems aimed at reducing income inequality and bipolarization. Using two fundamentally different metrics, we provide a unified foundation of tax progressivity whereby, roughly, taxes are progressive if and only if they are inequality reducing; and taxes are inequality reducing if and only if they are bipolarization reducing.application/pdfeng© American Economic Association. Can be found at https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/mic.20190111info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190111Shrinking middle classProgressive taxationÎncome bipolarizationIncome inequalityIncentive effects of taxationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess