Fages, AntoineKuderna, Lukas, 1989-Marquès i Bonet, Tomàs, 1975-Serres Armero, Aitor, 1992-Orlando, Ludovic2019-06-202019-06-202019Fages A, Hanghøj K, Khan N, Gaunitz C, Seguin-Orlando A, Leonardi M et al. Tracking five millennia of horse management with extensive ancient genome time series. Cell. 2019; 177(6):1419-1435.e31. DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.0490092-8674http://hdl.handle.net/10230/41850Horse domestication revolutionized warfare and accelerated travel, trade, and the geographic expansion of languages. Here, we present the largest DNA time series for a non-human organism to date, including genome-scale data from 149 ancient animals and 129 ancient genomes (≥1-fold coverage), 87 of which are new. This extensive dataset allows us to assess the modern legacy of past equestrian civilizations. We find that two extinct horse lineages existed during early domestication, one at the far western (Iberia) and the other at the far eastern range (Siberia) of Eurasia. None of these contributed significantly to modern diversity. We show that the influence of Persian-related horse lineages increased following the Islamic conquests in Europe and Asia. Multiple alleles associated with elite-racing, including at the MSTN "speed gene," only rose in popularity within the last millennium. Finally, the development of modern breeding impacted genetic diversity more dramatically than the previous millennia of human management.application/pdfeng© Elsevier This is the published version of an article http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049 that appeared in the journal Cell. It is published in an Open Archive under an Elsevier user license. Details of this licence are available here: https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/open-access-licenses/elsevier-user-licenseinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049Ancient DNADomesticationAnimal breedingHorsesMulesExtinct lineagesSelectionDiversityManagementEquestrian civilizationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess